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Honeybees interfere with wild bees in apple pollination in China
No full textAbstract Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) are increasingly used in commercial crop production, while wild bees are also important pollinators. Few studies have investigated the relative importance of honeybees and wild bees for apple pollination and whether the contribution of wild bees is affected by increasing numbers of honeybees. Here, we conducted experiments in 52 commercially important Fuji apple orchards across three apple production areas in China, to investigate how wild bees, honeybees and their interaction influences apple quantity (fruit set, weight) and quality (seed number). Both honeybees and wild bees contributed to apples production, resulting in an overall 996%, 26% and 64% increase of apple fruit set, fruit weight and seed number, respectively. We found a hump‐shaped relationship between bee density and fruit set and fruit weight with the maximum fruit set at intermediate bee density, but honeybees reached the maximum only with one and a half times higher numbers than wild bees. Furthermore, when honeybee activity density was low, an increase in wild bee activity density and species richness led to enhanced pollination contribution. Conversely, when honeybee activity density was high, increased wild bee activity density and species richness were associated with reduced pollination contribution. Additionally, the highest fruit set was observed at high densities of wild bees and intermediate densities of honeybees. These results indicate that high honeybee activity density may interfere with the pollination services provided by wild bees in apple orchards. Synthesis and applications . Both honeybees and wild bees contribute to apple pollination and production, but wild bees evidenced much higher pollination efficiency than honeybees. Importantly, introducing high density of honeybee colonies appeared to enhance competition with wild bees, decreasing their contribution to pollination. As highest fruit set was found with high wild bee densities, but only intermediate levels of honeybee densities, it is important to carefully assess the number of honeybee colonies before possible introduction of hives for apple production, in particular when wild bee diversity and density are high. Conserving wild bee diversity is of priority to harness pollination services in apple production, given their high diversity and pollination efficiency.摘要 西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)越来越广泛应用于作物商业生产，而野生蜂也是重要的传粉者。很少有研究调查西方蜜蜂和野生蜂对苹果授粉的相对重要性，以及野生蜂的贡献是否受到西方蜜蜂数量增加的影响。 本研究中，我们在中国三个主要的苹果产区对52个富士苹果园开展了实验，以研究野生蜂、西方蜜蜂及其相互作用如何影响苹果数量(坐果数)和质量(果实重量、种子数)。结果显示，西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都对苹果生产均有重要贡献，使苹果坐果率、果实重量和种子数量分别增加了996%、26%和64%。 本研究还发现蜜蜂密度与坐果率和果实重量之间存在驼峰形关系。在中等蜜蜂密度下坐果率达到最大，但在达到最大坐果率时需要的西方蜜蜂密度为野生蜜蜂的1.5倍。此外，当西方蜜蜂活动密度较低时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献增加；而当西方蜜蜂活动密度较高时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献降低。此外，在高野生蜂密度和中等蜜蜂密度的情况下，苹果座果率最大。这些结果表明过高的西方蜜蜂活动密度干扰了野生蜂为苹果提供的传粉服务。 总结与应用:西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都有助于苹果授粉和生产，但野生蜂的授粉效率比蜜蜂高得多。引入高密度的西方蜜蜂蜂群似乎会引起与野生蜂的竞争，降低了对苹果生产的传粉贡献。由于在野生蜜蜂密度高且只有中等水平的西方蜜蜂密度下苹果的坐果率最高，因此我们建议在苹果园引入蜂箱之前，特别是在野生蜜蜂多样性和密度较高的地区，应仔细评估引入西方蜜蜂群落的数量。鉴于野生蜂群落的高多样性及高传粉效率，保护野生蜂的多样性仍然是提升苹果传粉服务的首要选择措施。Abstract Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) are increasingly used in commercial crop production, while wild bees are also important pollinators. Few studies have investigated the relative importance of honeybees and wild bees for apple pollination and whether the contribution of wild bees is affected by increasing numbers of honeybees. Here, we conducted experiments in 52 commercially important Fuji apple orchards across three apple production areas in China, to investigate how wild bees, honeybees and their interaction influences apple quantity (fruit set, weight) and quality (seed number). Both honeybees and wild bees contributed to apples production, resulting in an overall 996%, 26% and 64% increase of apple fruit set, fruit weight and seed number, respectively. We found a hump‐shaped relationship between bee density and fruit set and fruit weight with the maximum fruit set at intermediate bee density, but honeybees reached the maximum only with one and a half times higher numbers than wild bees. Furthermore, when honeybee activity density was low, an increase in wild bee activity density and species richness led to enhanced pollination contribution. Conversely, when honeybee activity density was high, increased wild bee activity density and species richness were associated with reduced pollination contribution. Additionally, the highest fruit set was observed at high densities of wild bees and intermediate densities of honeybees. These results indicate that high honeybee activity density may interfere with the pollination services provided by wild bees in apple orchards. Synthesis and applications . Both honeybees and wild bees contribute to apple pollination and production, but wild bees evidenced much higher pollination efficiency than honeybees. Importantly, introducing high density of honeybee colonies appeared to enhance competition with wild bees, decreasing their contribution to pollination. As highest fruit set was found with high wild bee densities, but only intermediate levels of honeybee densities, it is important to carefully assess the number of honeybee colonies before possible introduction of hives for apple production, in particular when wild bee diversity and density are high. Conserving wild bee diversity is of priority to harness pollination services in apple production, given their high diversity and pollination efficiency.摘要 西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)越来越广泛应用于作物商业生产，而野生蜂也是重要的传粉者。很少有研究调查西方蜜蜂和野生蜂对苹果授粉的相对重要性，以及野生蜂的贡献是否受到西方蜜蜂数量增加的影响。 本研究中，我们在中国三个主要的苹果产区对52个富士苹果园开展了实验，以研究野生蜂、西方蜜蜂及其相互作用如何影响苹果数量(坐果数)和质量(果实重量、种子数)。结果显示，西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都对苹果生产均有重要贡献，使苹果坐果率、果实重量和种子数量分别增加了996%、26%和64%。 本研究还发现蜜蜂密度与坐果率和果实重量之间存在驼峰形关系。在中等蜜蜂密度下坐果率达到最大，但在达到最大坐果率时需要的西方蜜蜂密度为野生蜜蜂的1.5倍。此外，当西方蜜蜂活动密度较低时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献增加；而当西方蜜蜂活动密度较高时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献降低。此外，在高野生蜂密度和中等蜜蜂密度的情况下，苹果座果率最大。这些结果表明过高的西方蜜蜂活动密度干扰了野生蜂为苹果提供的传粉服务。 总结与应用:西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都有助于苹果授粉和生产，但野生蜂的授粉效率比蜜蜂高得多。引入高密度的西方蜜蜂蜂群似乎会引起与野生蜂的竞争，降低了对苹果生产的传粉贡献。由于在野生蜜蜂密度高且只有中等水平的西方蜜蜂密度下苹果的坐果率最高，因此我们建议在苹果园引入蜂箱之前，特别是在野生蜜蜂多样性和密度较高的地区，应仔细评估引入西方蜜蜂群落的数量。鉴于野生蜂群落的高多样性及高传粉效率，保护野生蜂的多样性仍然是提升苹果传粉服务的首要选择措施。National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/50110000180
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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