1,721,027 research outputs found
The Effects of Product Categorical Relevance and Brand Image Fit on the Evaluation of Brand Alliance
No full text本研究探討品牌的產品類別關聯性與品牌形象契合度如何影響消費者對品牌結盟之產品的評價。實驗一藉由卡片分類的方式建構類別階層的概念，結果顯示四十種產品可分為八個基層類別與兩個上層類別。此結果意涵，消費者具有階層式的產品概念，可影響消費者對產品類別關連性的判斷。實驗二同時操弄三種產品類別關聯性與兩種品牌形象契合度，由40位大學生參與者同時比較六種品牌，評價結盟產品的合作契合度與品質高低。結果指出，參與者認為品牌形象契合度高的結盟有較高的合作契合度，但品牌形象契合度低的結盟則有較高的品質。另一方面，參與者在評價結盟產品的不同向度時，會彈性的使用類別階層：對結盟產品的知覺合作契合度會依照基層類別判斷，而對於結盟產品的品質知覺，則使用上層類別做為判斷標準。本研究的結果可做為企業進行品牌結盟策略時選擇合作對象之依據，以及行銷策略的規劃。This study investigated how the product categorical relevance and brand image fit affect consumers’ evaluations of brand alliance. A card sorting method was adopted in Experiment 1 to investigate the structure of conceptual representations among 40 products. The results confirmed a hierarchical structure with the 40 products agglomerated to 8 basic levels and 2 super-ordinate levels. On the basis of the results of Experiment 1, three levels of categorical relevance and two levels of image fit were manipulated in Experiment 2 to investigate how these two factors may influence the evaluation of brand alliance. The results showed that high brand image fit led to higher perceived fit, but low brand image fit led to higher perceived quality for the allied product. Moreover, participants used different categorical levels in evaluations: the perceived fit of alliance was based on the basic level and the perceived quality of the allied products was based on the super-ordinate level. The results have important implications for selecting a partner in brand alliance and for developing the marketing strategy for the allied products.1. 緒論……………………………………………………………………….…… 1 1.1 品牌結盟的定義與類型………………………..………………….…… 1 1.2 品牌形象與產品類別對品牌結盟的影響………………..……….…… 3 1.3 研究假設…………………………………………………………...…… 6. 實驗一：產品類別的階層概念………………………………………….…… 7 2.1 方法……………………………………………………...……………… 7 2.2 結果與討論………………………………………………………...…… 8. 實驗二：產品類別與品牌形象對結盟產品評價的影響 ……….………… 10 3.1 方法………………………………………………………..…………... 10 3.2 結果與討論……………………………………………………………. 13. 綜合討論……………………………………………………………………... 17. 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………... 23錄……………………………………………………………………………….. 26………………………………………………………………………………….. 28………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
The Political Economy of the Founding and Development of Taiwan's National Youth Commission , 1963－2010
No full text1963－2010年，青輔會從提議設立到決定拆解，完成了其生與滅。這四十多年間青輔會相關之青年輔導政策，經歷威權時期、威權轉型以及民主鞏固等不同時期的政經變遷，其業務內容也隨之因應調整，本文以青輔會為單位，除回顧青輔會籌設成立初期的政經背景外，亦蒐集整理1966年至2010年間青輔會輔導青年之政策作為，以分析研究政府組織在面對內外政經環境變遷時，施政作為如何調整因應，並產生何種結果。
隨著不同時期政經環境之變遷，青輔會相關青年輔導業務內容也隨之因應調整，從成立初期著重的青年就業輔導措施，陸續增加青年創業輔導、海外青年服務、青年志願服務、青年政策參與、青年旅遊學習等服務；而青輔會主委人事之更迭，也反映出台灣不同政經發展時期之特色。透過青輔會可以看出威權體制、威權轉型、民主鞏固等不同時期下，國內外政經情勢變遷對政策作為之影響，也可發現主政者不同的施政理念對於業務內容所產生的變革與成果。台灣如今已邁入民主鞏固時期，未來可能出現因定期選舉所涉及的政權更迭，而有公共部門的組織與制度之調整變遷，青輔會四十餘年的發展變革正可以作為參考。Taiwan''s National Youth Commission (NYC) established in 1963, conclude its history and to be disassembled after 2010. Over four decades, NYC conduct this country''s youth policy, which altered from time to time for the changing of political economic environment of the society, reflects the transitional role of the state from authoritarian to democracy This thesis not only review the political and economic background during NYC''s establishment, but also collect and organize information in its youth policies and implementation between 1966 and 2000 in order to analyze the result of how government organization coped with the changes of political and economic environment both domestically and internationally.
Despite its various policy emphases reflecting the ever-changing needs of the state during Taiwan''s political economic transition, the major policy target of NYC for decades is to maintain the youth''s employment, make sure those young labor forces can be fully utilized according the demand of the economy, so as to keep continuing development and political stabilization of the society. Besides that, as time goes by, NYC''s policy domains also gradually expand to the funding of youth entrepreneur, offer services to youth abroad and overseas compatriot youth, support volunteering services, assist youth engaging in policy making and implementation, learn by travelling, etc. The changes of ministers of NYC reflected characteristics of different periods of the development of Taiwan. By reviewing development of NYC, it will be found that in different periods the direction of policy making and achievements were affected by the changes of domestic and international environments as well as by different concepts of governance of different ministers. Taiwan has stepped into period of democratic consolidation, government’s re-organisation and adjustment might be affected by routine elections and different ruling parties. By reviewing history of NYC could be a reference to possible changes
Effects of Prostaglandin E2 on the Differentiation and Gene Expression of Human Dental Pulp Cells
No full text實驗目的: 前列腺素E2 (Prostaglandin E2，PGE2)對於牙髓組織的發炎與修復性牙本質的形成扮演了重要的角色。其中PGE2具有多變的接受器( EP1、EP2、EP3、EP4)，分別調控了不同的下游訊息傳導，而在牙髓細胞中，主要是有EP1、EP2、EP3 接受器。本實驗目的在於探討PGE2所誘導的訊息傳導途徑及其對牙髓細胞分化及基因表現的影響。並且觀察EP4 接收器是否調控人類牙髓細胞的分化。
實驗方法: 使用不同濃度的PGE2及其接受器(receptor)的(agonist): 19ROH-PGE2(EP2 agonist)、Sulprostone(EP1/EP3 agonist)、CAY10598(EP4 agonist) 對人類牙髓細胞做刺激，之後在顯微鏡下觀察細胞形態的改變，並且在96小時及五天後做MTT測定和鹼性磷酸酶染色(ALP staining)。在某些實驗中，加入PGE2 和CAY10598 培養 30分鐘或 5天，PGE2更觀察0~120分鐘的變化，之後做反轉錄鍊聚合反應(RT-PCR) 來看鈣化相關基因 (RUNX-2,ALP,Osterix,osteocalcin)及AP-1 轉錄因子(AP-1 transcription factors(c-fos,FosB,c-jun,JunB))的表現。另外在PGE2的訊息傳導的實驗中，加入了H89(PKA的抑制劑) 和dorsormorpin (AMPK的抑制劑)，以RT-PCR來觀察對PGE2誘導產生的AP-1轉錄因子及ALP表現的影響。
實驗結果: 人類牙髓細胞的形態不受到PGE2、19ROH-PGE2及Sulprostone的影響，但CAY10598 10uM會使細胞核變大及深染，細胞變圓。根據MTT測定，可發現CAY10598 5uM和10uM會抑制細胞的生長。在ALP染色的實驗中可發現PGE2、19ROH-PGE2、Sulprostone、CAY10598都可使ALP的活性在低濃度上升在高濃度下降。根據反轉錄鏈聚合反應的實驗可發現加入PGE2(5uM~10uM) 5天，可使鈣化相關因子(ALP、Runx2、Osterix、osteocalcin)的表現量上升，且其表現的趨勢與AP-1轉錄因子中的c-fos、FosB及JunB的表現一致。而在120分鐘內可使AP-1 轉錄因子(c-fos、FosB、JunB)表現上升。加入PGE2及CAY10598不同濃度30分鐘後都可發現和5天有不同的結果: c-fos、fosB在低濃度時表現上升在高濃度時下降，然而JunB在每個組別中都是在高濃度及給予較久的刺激時間時表現上升，c-jun則相反之。加入了H89(PKA抑制劑)和dorsomorpine(AMPK的抑制劑)可看到PGE2的作用被抑制的現象。
結論:
PGE2 藉由PKA/AMPK的路徑來調控人類牙髓細胞的分化。
EP1/2/3/4的agonists都能使牙髓細胞的ALP activity上升。而牙髓細胞對PGE2的反應會因刺激的時間有所不同。
EP4接受器雖在人類牙髓細胞表現量低，但在牙本質生成上具有重要的角色。Aim: During pulpal inflammation, PGE2 level was elevated and known to be an important mediator to regulate the function of dental pulp cells. This can be due to binding of PGE2 to cell surface receptors such as EP1, EP2 and EP3 prostaglandin receptor to stimulate downstream signaling. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of PGE2 and EP4 receptor activation on the differentiation and gene expression in human dental pulp and its signal transduction pathway.
Materials and Methods: Primary-cultured human dental pulp cells were treated with PGE2 and it agonists (19ROH-PGE2, EP2 agonist; sulprostone, EP1/EP3 agonist; CAY10598, EP4 agonist) with different concentration and then observed the morphological change of pulp cell under contrast microscope. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. Effects of PGE2 and CAY10598 on cell differentiation and mineralization during different stimulation periods or with different concentrations were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). We observed both the AP-1 transcription factors (c-fos, FosB, c-jun, JunB) and the mineralization markers (ALP, Runx2, Osterix, osteocalcin) mRNA change in human dental pulp after stimulation. Cell were pretreated with H89 (PKA inhibitor), dorsomorphin (AMPK inhibitor) 30 minutes before adding PGE2. Signaling of PGE2 was investigated by RT-PCR.
Results: The cell morphology didn’t affect by PGE2、19ROH-PGE2 and Sulprostone. However, the nuclei turned into lager and hyperchromatic after stimulation by CAY10598 10 uM. MTT assay also indicated CAY10598 inhibited the growth of pulp cells at high concentration (5μM-10μM). Cells under the treatment of PGE2 and its agonists all showed an increase in ALP activity at lower concentration and decreased at higher concentration. In 5 days cultured group, PGE2 (5μM-10μM) can induce mineralization markers (ALP, Runx2, Osterix, Osteocalcin) expression, which was consistent with the expression of AP-1 transcription factors (c-fos, FosB, JunB). PGE2 also can induce expression of c-fos, FosB and JunB during 120 mins, while c-jun decreased time dependently. In 30mins culture group, PGE2 and CAY10598 induce c-fos、FosB at lower concentration (0.1μM-0.5μM) compared with 5 days cultured group. Interestingly, the expression of junB were always enhanced at higher concentration or longer stimulation period, but c-jun decreased dose-dependently and time-dependently. H89 (PKA inhibitor) and dorsomorphin (AMPK inhibitor) attenuated the effects of PGE2 .
Conclusion: PGE2 may be involved in dental pulp inflammationand repair process via induction of AP-1 transduction of AP-1 transcription factors and mineralization markers via EP2 and EP4 receptors through PKA/AMPK singaling pathway. EP1/3 agonist (sulprostone)、EP2 agonist (19ROH-PGE2) and EP4 agonist(CAY10598) can increase the ALP activity of dental pulp cells. The responsiveness of human dental pulp cells to PGE2 may change during the culture period. Although EP4 is the least receptor in human dental pulp, but its activation by CAY10598 still has significant effects on dentinogenesis
The Construction of Stress and Coping Resources Inventory of Academically-Oriented Graduate Students and Explore the Relationship with Physical-Psycho Health
No full textEffect of Surface Texturing on The Angular Dependent Optical Behaviors of Solar Cells and Vertical-Injection Light-emitting Diodes
No full text諸多奈米粒子的應用(如奈米小球微影術)，一直被視為是一個製作表面奈米結構之快速且簡便的解決方案，而此製作於元件表面的奈米結構將可用以提昇如太陽能電池、發光二極體等光電元件的效能。然而，在這獲得改善的效能背後，卻仍有些議題與機制尚未獲得充分的研究與解釋。例如，針對太陽能電池而言，其入射光之反射率與光極化間的依存性；抑或針對發光二極體來說，已萃取的傳導模態其輻射行為與表面結構間的依存性等。
針對太陽能電池的第一個議題，我們對具有二氧化矽奈米小球鋪排於表面的太陽能電池與平面結構的太陽能電池進行探究與比較。我們發現到此奈米小球二維陣列對於電場垂直極化的光有較大的提升，而對磁場垂直極化的光幫助則較少，而這正好可以彌補電場垂直極化的光在光學上反射率較高的問題。
在本文的第二個段落中，除了經由單一表面圖案化製備的奈米柱之外，加上了截面微米圓頂結構的雙重表面圖案化亦於此處予以採用並研究之。結果顯示，發射光會因為與不同的單一表面結構作用，而發散至各種相對應之不同角度。而對於結合了奈米柱及微米圓頂的混合式結構來說，由於存在於半導體元件內部的各式的傳導模態，得以同時透過奈米柱抑或微米圓頂結構將其耦合出來，此種具混合式結構的發光二極體之光輸出增益，幾乎同等於具單一奈米柱結構以及單一微米圓頂結構的發光二極體之光輸出增益於特定方位上的線性疊加。藉由調變奈米柱與截面微米圓頂結構之相對蝕刻深度，本研究成果提供了一個操控光於不同方向上的增益強度之指導原則。Various applications of nanoparticles, such like nanosphere lithography, is believed to be a fast and simple way to fabricate surface nanostructures and thus improve the performance of photonic device such as solar cell or LED. However, there’re still some issues and mechanisms behind not investigated or explained thoroughly, such like the polarization-dependent reflectivity of the incident light for solar cells or the texture-related radiation behaviors of the extracted guided light.
With the focus on the first issue, for solar cells, investigations had been made by comparing the properties of cells with silica nanospheres coated to the one without any surface structure. We found that the silica nanosphere arrays can improve the TE polarized light more significant than TM polarized light, which is a good way to compensate the larger reflectivity in TE polarized light for oblique incidence.
In the second part, for vertical-injection LED (VLED), besides one-step nanorod surface patterning, a two-step surface patterning with the addition of truncated microdome arrays is further employed and investigated. The results suggest that light will be radiated to various angles while interacting with different single-step textured surfaces. As for the hybrid structure, since separate guided modes in the semiconductor layers are diffracted by either nanorods or microdomes, the percentage increase of light extraction from it is found to be about the linear superposition of both types of single surface textures at certain corresponding angle domain. The result provides a guideline of manipulating light enhancement distribution by adjusting the relative etch depth between nanorod and truncated microdome structures
A Machine Learning Approach for Result Fusion in Multilingual Information Retrieval
No full text多語言檢索主要是允許使用者給予一種語言的查詢，檢索出多種語言的相關文件。一般而言，處理多語言檢索，首先利用查詢，在各個語言的語料庫中找出在該語言中的相關文件；利用合併的方法，將此些不同語言的相關文件合併成最終多語言的相關文件集。在此論文中的主要議題是如何使用最佳的合併方法，來達到不錯的效能。此研究中，我們使用機器學習的方法去建立一個跨語言的合併模型；透過此合併模型去調整每篇文件的合併分數。先，探討處理跨語言檢索問題過程中，有哪些是可能影響跨語言檢索效能的因素。我們從三個層面做探討；翻譯層面、文件本身的層面以及較為一般性層面的特徵。在翻譯層面，過去有不少研究顯示，跨語言檢索時，翻譯品質的好壞對檢索結果的效能佔有很大程度的影響性；除此之外，我們將查詢中的每一個字給予分類成一個類別，類別則由人為的方式下去做定義。發現有幾個類別在資料檢索過程中，佔有較大程度的影響性，甚至發現不同類別之間亦存在著某些程度的相關連；其中佔有一定影響性的類別，其翻譯品質好壞，對跨語言檢索更為重大。在文件本身層面，利用文件本身以及文件標題的長度來做為此文件所含有的資訊量指標。從此些層次取出特徵，利用機器學習的方法，不只學習出跨語言的合併模型，亦學習出在機器學習過程中哪些特徵是較具影響性的。實驗結果顯示，利用機器學習的方法，所達到的檢索效能較傳統合併的方法效能佳；且發現翻譯品質的好壞，包含組織名稱，事件名稱，抽象名詞以及專業名詞的翻譯品質對跨語言檢索最有影響性。Multilingual information retrieval aims to able users enter query in one language and access relevant documents in various languages. Usually, implementation of MLIR (multilingual information retrieval) is first retrieving each language to obtain bilingual retrieved documents lists from each language collection. Then, how to merge these bilingual lists is the main issue in this work. In this work, we use machine learning approach, FRank, to build a merge model; merging these multiple bilingual lists using the merge model score and retrieval score. Firstly, we identify some effective factors which may influence MLIR process from three levels general level, translation level and document level. On translation level, previous study showed translation quality is crucial for cross-language information retrieval. Besides, we classify each query term into a category which are pre-defined manually. From our experiment, some categories play more important roles in a query while information retrieval; moreover, there are some relationships between categories. The translation quality of those influential categories is crucial for MLIR. On document level, we extract document and document title length as the quantity of informative. On each level, we totally extract 62 features; utilizing these features, we not only train a merge model but also identify what are the effective features for MLIR merging process. In our experiment, we can achieve the best performance among all traditional merging strategies, including raw-score merging, round-robin merging, normalized by top K merging, logistic regression and 2-step re-indexing merging method. Besides, from the features picked up by FRank as weak learners, we can identify translation quality of some query term categories, translatable query terms and ambiguous degree while translating are effective while MLIR merging.口試委員審定書 i文摘要 iiBSTRACT iiiIST OF FIGURES viIST OF TABLES viihapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. MOTIVATION 1.2. MERGING PROBLEM 2.3. THESIS STRUCTURE 4hapter 2 TRADITIONAL MERGING STRATEGIES 5.1. HEURISTIC MERGING STRATEGY 5.1.1 RAW SCORE 6.1.2. ROUND ROBIN 7.1.3. NORMALIZED BY TOP K 8.2. LEARNING BASED MERGING STRATEGY 9.2.1. LOGISTIC REGRESSION 9.3. RETRIEVAL BASED MERGING STRATEGY 11.3.1. 2-STEP RETRIEVAL STATUS VALUE METHOD 11hapter 3 ANALYZE THE INFLUENTIAL FEATURES FOR MLIR 13.1. TRANSLATION LEVEL 13.1.1. THE IMPORTANCE OF SOME QUERY TERMS 16.1.2. QUERY TERM CATEGORY 17.1.3. IMPORTANCE AND RELATIONS OF QUERY TERM CATEGORY 18.1.3.1. EXPERIMENT SETTING 19.1.3.2. RETRIEVE EXCEPT ONE QUERY TERM CATEGORY 21.1.3.3. RETRIEVE EXCEPT TWO QUERY TERM CATEGORY 26.1.4. PROMOTE PERFORMANCE IN CLIR 30.1.4.1. EXPERIMENT SETTING 33.1.4.2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 34.1.5. CONCLUSION ON TRANSLATION LEVEL 35.2. DOCUMENT LEVEL 36.3. GENERAL LEVEL 37hapter 4 USING FRANK TO BUILD A MERGE MODEL 38.1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 38.2. FEATURE SELECTION 40.3. USING FRANK APPROACH TO MERGE 46.4. EXPERIMENT 47.4.1. EXPERIMENT SETTING AND PREPROCESSING 47.4.2. LEARNING A MERGE MODEL 49.4.3. EXPERIMENT RESULT 50.4.4. DISCUSSION 52hapter 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 57.1. CONCLUSION 57.2. FUTURE WORK 58EFERENCES 59PPENDIX TCIR3 ENGLISH QUERY DATA SET WITH LABELED CATEGORY 61TCIR4 ENGLISH QUERY DATA SET WITH LABELED CATEGORY 65TCIR5 ENGLISG QUERY DATA SET WITH LABELED CATEGORY 7
Large-Scale One-Class Collaborative Filtering:The Impact of Weighting Schemes
No full text 推薦系統廣泛應用於商業領域中，因為隨著資訊科技發展以及全球化，商品的可取用性已經不是使用者選擇商品的障礙了。然而使用者能夠實際使用的商品相較於其可接觸的商品卻十分有限。因此，而對於商品提供者而言，推薦系統的重要性在於，了解使用者購買的傾向，篩選出滿足使用者需求的商品。 推薦系統又以協同過濾的方法最常使用，協同過濾系統通常利用使用者對於產品的回饋，分析使用者對產品的喜好與彼此的關聯，藉此預測使用者對於某個項目的喜好程度進行推薦。但在現實狀況，我們經常只能取得使用者是否有採用該項目的紀錄，而不一定能蒐集到使用者對於該項目的喜好。另一方面，使用者對於項目的喜好也未必代表他就會採用某個產品。 本研究著重在只有一種回饋的單類別協同過濾問題中。在這類問題，只會以正向回饋來表示使用者是否採用了某個項目。這樣的資料具有一定的模糊程度，因為使用者未取用的項目包含了其所不想取用，以及其尚未接觸兩種可能。於是，我們透過加權的概念，去衡量未知回饋被認定負向回饋或未接觸的可信度。 本研究使用兩個大規模的電影資料庫預測使用者觀看的電影，並且實作間隙加權交替最小平方法 (Gap-weighting Alternating Least Square, gALS )，並調整加權設計，討論其對於模型的影響。 而透過我們的實驗結果可以發現交替最小平方法確實提供較好的預測能力，但是加權的策略卻沒有帶來巨大的改變，這或許說明目前採用權重設計太過簡單，無法代表所有的變數，因此建議未來能將成本敏感方法以及偏差性的概念納入權重設計當中。Recommendation systems have been widely used in e-commerce applications. With the development of information technology, users can easily reach enormous products. However, users have limited ability to evaluate their choices. Therefore, it’s important for content providers and e-retailers to recommend items which meet users’ taste to enhance user satisfaction and loyalty. Collaborative filtering is a popular way to implement a recommendation system. Collaborative filtering analyzes the relationships between users and items by users’ feedback which reflect users’ preferences. Then, it recommends user a ranked item list which is sorted by predicted preferences. This research focus on the One-class Collaborative Filtering (OCCF) approach. In OCCF, we only have positive examples to represent users’ actions. The data are ambiguous because unobserved data points can be interpreted as missing or negative cases. In this study, we treat unknown examples as negative examples with a confidence score, which is calculated by our weighting schemes. We apply our model on two large-scale movie rating datasets, and implement OCCF with gap-weighting Alternating Least Square (gALS). Then, we adjust weighting schemes to observe the impact on the model. Our result shows that gALS improves predicting performance. However, weighting strategies don’t make a dramatic impact
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
- …
