1,721,101 research outputs found
Role of the Sun’s nonaxisymmetric open flux in cosmic-ray modulation
No full textWe reexamine the empirical relationship between the Sun's open magnetic flux and the cosmic-ray (CR) intensity over the solar cycle. The single parameter that correlates best with the inverted CR rate is found to be the nonaxisymmetric or longitudinally varying component of the total open flux, rather than the sunspot number or the rate of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The nonaxisymmetric open flux in turn tracks the evolution of the Sun's equatorial dipole component, which is a function of both the strength and the longitudinal distribution of sunspot activity. Year-long peaks in the equatorial dipole strength coincide with steplike decreases in the CR intensity and with the formation of global merged interaction regions (GMIRs) in the outer heliosphere. During these periods, nonaxisymmetric open flux (in the form of low-latitude coronal holes) is created through the organized emergence of large active regions, resulting in the global injection of magnetic energy into the heliosphere. At the same time, strengthenings of the equatorial dipole are generally accompanied by large increases in the number of fast CMEs. Rotationally induced, compressional interactions between the nonaxisymmetric open flux, fast CMEs, and high-speed streams then give rise to outward-propagating diffusive barriers that extend over all longitudes and to a latitude (45°) again determined by the equatorial dipole strength.<br/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Study on Costume Design of Meng Xiao-dong upon the Spread of Western Influences to the East
No full text辛亥革命後，一九一二年清王朝宣統皇帝溥儀被迫退位，結束清朝封建統
治，舊有的中國步入新的民主體制。二十世紀初，世界經濟、文化、意識形態都
發生空前的變化，新的生產方式和新的生活節奏帶動了各領域裏的革命；自十九
世紀末期到二十世紀初期，在中國的上海已有男性開始穿著西式紳士套裝(根據
記載最早穿著西式套裝的中國男性是大清帝國時期與洋人做生意的上海買辦)，
同時也有部份男性採以中式長袍馬褂搭配皮鞋以及西式紳士帽的中西合璧裝扮；
而中國女性也開始藉由結合東西方服飾風格的穿著來體驗現代化與新社會生活。
冬皇孟小冬自小學習老生，在舞台上扮演帝王將相，雖為女兒身，但對於穿
著男裝一事也是司空見慣，由於其長時間扮演、揣摩戲裡男性角色，因此實際生
活裡個性上或多或少帶著男性的霸氣和剛烈。當一九三一年孟小冬與梅蘭芳分離
後，其心境大幅度轉換，從梅孟之戀時的幸福美好，到梅孟分離後的跌落谷底，
孟小冬進而產生了想靠自己站起來的自覺，正如一次世界大戰後，女權運動影響
女裝的革命；孟小冬選擇暫時逃離女性身分，改頭換面改穿男裝，由外在宣示自
己不再是「某個人的女人」，而以獨立自主的個體面對外面的世界。
對應到二十世紀初期的西方服裝發展史，女性意識抬頭，穿著男性化的西裝
與西褲已成為西方女性自主的象徵；而當時的孟小冬受到西風東漸的影響，加上
其京戲伶人的身分，對外來文化和新知的高接受度，借此選擇改著西式男裝，一
來用以代表對自己的自主權掌握，再者順應摩登的時尚趨勢。像文化一樣，服裝
是表達思想情感的媒介，反映了社會現實。本研究探討二十世紀初期，東西文化
交流對於孟小冬角色形塑之影響，以及從劇本分析到京劇歌唱劇《孟小冬》服裝
設計手法的分析整理。After the Revolution of 1911, the Xuan Tong Emperor, Pu Yi, was forced to
give up the throne. Feudal governance of the Qing Dynasty ended and old China
stepped into a new democratic system. In the early twentieth century, global economy,
culture and ideology changed unprecedentedly. New production methods and style
of living triggered the revolution in different fields. From the end of the nineteenth
century to the early twentieth century, men in Shanghai started wearing western style
suits (according to the record, the earliest Chinese who wore western style clothes were
Shanghai compradors that traded with foreigners during the Qing Dynasty). Some men
wore Chinese robes and vests, leather shoes and western gentlemen’s hats; Chinese
women began experiencing modernization and new social lives by wearing mixed,
eastern and western style clothing.
Meng Xiao-dong, also known as Emperor Dong, had studied playing male
roles in Chinese opera since her childhood. On the stage, she acted as emperors and
generals, and was used to wearing men’s clothing. Although she was a girl, she was
relatively aggressive and as tough as men because of her study and acting of male
roles. In 1931 when Meng Xiao-dong and Mei Lan-fang separated from each other,
she experienced a drastic change in her psychological state as she lost her happiness.
Thus, she decided to stand on her own. After the First World War in 1918, the feminist
movement influenced the revolution of female clothing; Meng decided to temporarily
disguise herself by wearing men’s clothing and declared that she was no longer
“someone’s woman.” She faced the external world as an independent individual.
Regarding the history of western costume in the early twentieth century, with the
emergence of feminism, wearing masculine western style clothes and pants symbolized
western women’s independence. At the time, Meng was influenced by the spread of
western influence to the east. As an opera actor, she was open-minded about accepting
foreign culture and new knowledge. Therefore, she decided to wear western men’s
dress to demonstrate her control of decision-making power, and to follow the fashion
trend.
Similar to culture, clothing is a medium to express thoughts and affection, and it
reflects social reality. This study probes into the influence of exchange between eastern
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and western culture in Meng’s role creation in the early twentieth century, and analyzes
the text as well as design techniques of Meng’s costumes
Preliminary Study of the Digital Virtual Character Creation Techniques Applied to Costume Design
No full text當0與1開啟了「二元邏輯」的數位時代，從一九四六年第一部二位元電腦
「ENIAC」問世，到一九九○年微軟公司推出視窗作業系統的個人電腦，這三十
年間個人電腦軟硬體的突飛猛進，引發了藝術創作的觀念與作法上的變革，電腦
積極的參與了藝術創作的過程，而這些創作的觀念與作法上的變革同時也教育出
觀者的觀看方式，並且帶來嶄新的體會與啟發，形成了新的視覺藝術風格；如
一九七七年的電影《星際大戰》，以電腦動畫創造戰爭場面的特殊效果，突破過
去電影中戰爭場面所無法達到的臨場感。而臺灣電腦輔助服裝設計系統的易操作
性要到一九九八年法國力克公司推出Prima電腦輔助服裝設計軟體與Modaris版型
設計軟體的普及化開始；隨著跨領域數位科技的發展，到引進美國TC的三度空
間人體掃描系統，建立了數位量身的時代，才使得從人形建立、布料設計、版型
設計、服裝設計到數位虛擬人物形塑的技術發展成熟。
本文以個案研究法，透過屏風表演班的《好色奇男子》實際戲劇服裝設計的
過程來紀錄，並比較使用電腦輔助設計與傳統手繪劇服設計的差異。在戲劇服裝
設計過程中，從傳統的手繪設計稿到使用電腦輔助設計軟體進行數次的嘗試、實
驗、調整與修正，一直到視覺化的虛擬人物形塑的定稿技術，再透過電腦輔助模
擬系統，將經過電腦輔助形塑設計的劇服設計稿置放於數位化的舞台設計稿中預
視演出畫面的模擬，呈現出數位科技提供更有效率的劇服設計方式。The “binary logic” era of the digital world began in 1946, with 0s and 1s at
the birth of ENIAC, the first binary computer. In 1990, Microsoft marketed its first
personal computer (PC) with the Windows operating system. For 30 years, PC software
and programs have made tremendous leaps, initiating a revolution in viewpoint and
methods of art creation. Computers have participated extensively in the process of
artistic creation, and the very revolution responsible for the changes in methods
and concepts of creation has also created a new way of art appreciation with novel
experiences and inspiration for the audience, forming a new style of visual arts. For
example, Star Wars, released in 1977 with its computer animation of special effects
for space battles achieved a screen presence never attained before in battle scenes of
previous movies. However, the use of computer aided (CAD) costume design systems
in Taiwan would become possible only with the popularization of Prima and Modaris,
CAD programs for costumes released in 1998 by the French company Lectra. With
the expansion of digital technology into other domains, a 3D human body scanning
system was introduced by the American company TC2. The technique initiated the
era of digital body measurements, allowing the maturation of digital costume designs
from building the human shape, to fabric, panel and costume designs, and finally the
molding of a digital virtual character.
This research investigated the theatrical production Legend of a Lecher by
the Ping-Fong Acting Troupe. The processes of costume design used on the set
were analyzed. The research compared the processes of CAD and traditional hand
drawn costume designs. Costume design process began with traditional hand drawn
design drafts. The article documents the use of CAD software in repeated trials,
experimentation, adjustments and corrections, all the way to design finalization by
visualizing and molding a virtual character. Additionally, a computer aided simulation
system was used to adopt the design drafts made from CAD processes to preview a
simulated rehearsal on the digital theater stage. This process showed the efficiency of
costume design methods with CAD technologies
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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