1,721,006 research outputs found
Methionine and cysteine affect glutathione level, glutathione-related enzyme activities and the expression of glutathione S-transferase isozymes in rat hepatocytes.
No full textGlutathione and glutathione-related enzyme activities of male and female rat hepatocytes under various culture conditions.
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Imperial Liberalism or Liberal Imperialism: British Policy in Egypt, 1893-94
No full text自由主義的信念本與帝國主義不合，但在事關國家利益的外交與帝國政策上， 自由黨人終究不能堅持理想而採行可能喪權辱國的溫和作法。十九世紀後期英國自由黨的政治理念固與保守黨大相逕庭，但此種差異主要表現在內政方；在外交政策上，自由黨則不得不走向保守主義式的路線。本文即藉著討論羅斯柏理 (Lord Rosebery) 擔任外交部長時期英國對埃政策的發展，說明自由黨由反帝國主義形象轉為帝國權益擁護者的變化脈絡及其意義。文分五節：導言分析1892年自由黨大選勝利後羅斯柏理就任外交部長時的政治氣氛，以及同年埃及新任總督艾伯斯 (Abbas Hilmi II) 即位時英埃關係的微妙變化；第二節論述1893年初「艾伯斯政潮」 (Abbas' Coup) 的發展與英國對埃控制力的強化；第三節探討艾伯斯政潮之後自由黨政府對埃政策路線「向右」的調整；第四節檢討1894 年初蘇丹「邊境事件」 (Frontier Incident) 的發展與英國領埃威權的鞏固；結論解釋1893年至1894年間英國對埃政策所表現的「自由派帝國主義」( ' Liberal Imperialism，) 精神及其影響。綜合言之，經過這二、三年間的變化，英國統埃的機制大改，英國逐步將埃及納為「保護地」，而自由黨的帝國政策則明顯趨向於「保守主義化」。Essentially, liberalism contradicts imperialism; but in Realpolitik liberals rarely stand against imperial enterprise. Such is the case of the British Liberal Party during the late nineteenth century. Focused on Lord Rosebery's policy towards Egypt under Gladstone's last ministry, this thesis argues that, as far as foreign policy was concerned, the Liberals in the early 1890s discarded their 'outdated' beliefs in rationalism and pacifism, and assumed an attitude not different from that of their political opponents - the Conservatives. This change of attitude was highly justifiable and popular as the Liberal decision-makers raised questions about national interests under conditions of increasing competition form the other Powers. This article treats of the political atmosphere in 1892, when Lord Rosebery and Abbas Hilmi II took office as the British Foreign Secretary and the new khedive respectively, and the so-called Abbas' Coup in 1893 and the Frontier Incident in 1894, to show how 'Liberal Imperialism' developed and the British occupation of Egypt became 'permanent', in spite of strong Liberal idealists' opposition. The author points out that in dealing with the Egyptian question the Liberal Party was losing touch with liberalism and getting more and more 'conservative', and that while achieving more popularity with the British public in this way, the Liberal Party grievously alienated its fundamentalist supporters, which detracted from its merit and worth as an independent political group
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
From Party Spirit to Imperial Thinking: The Gladstone Government and the Execution of the Berlin Treaty, 1880-1881
No full text本文探討英國格蘭斯敦政府對於一八七八年歐洲列強所訂柏林條約的態度及推行政策，由此闡明自由主義與帝國主義理念之調和與衝突。其討論重點為一八八○年四月自由黨主政後，至一八八一年末柏林條約中領土安排與主權問題大致解決為止，格蘭斯敦政府推展其倡議已久的東方政策時，所表現的政治理念及現實謀略。文分五節：首節導論，呈現柏林會議之前自由黨對東方問題的理念，及對柏林條約的批判；次節說明格蘭斯敦執政之初，所提解決東方問題的政策藍圖；第三節處理蒙迪內哥羅與希臘二國(掙脫土耳其控制)的疆界問題中，英國對鄂圖曼帝國的交涉立場，以及由此所反映的自由主義外交原則與困境；第四節討論賽普勒斯佔領與土耳其改革問題所展現的英國帝國主義概念，以及自由黨東方政策中的理想與實務之整合；結論以前述各節論述為依據，批判英國自由主義首度落實為外交政策的成敗得失，及其在文明史中的意義。大致言之，格蘭斯敦推動柏林條約的行動成效顯著，然正因此，自由主義的理想卻在成功應和強權政治的要求下逐漸幻滅。This research expounds the Liberal Party's attitude and policy towards the Treaty of Berlin, thereby revealing the conflict and reconciliation between classical liberalism and modem imperialism. In a broad sense, this thesis deals with the Liberal Party's criticisms of the Disraeli Government's Eastern policy since the Berlin Congress of 1878 and the Liberals' standpoints towards the Turkish question from the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1878) till the fulfillment of the Berlin Treaty by 1882. Specifically, it treats of the Liberal Government's policy in executing the Treaty of Berlin from the start of Gladstone's second ministry to the end of 1881, when the territorial arrangements of the Treaty had mostly been disposed of. The paper is divided into five sections: 1. Introduction: The Eastern Question and the Liberal Party by 1880; 2. The Proposition of a Liberal Solution to the Turkish Question: the Gladstone Government's Policy towards the Execution of the Berlin Treaty; 3. Legality, Justice and Power: the Montenegrin and Greek Questions; 4. Moral Influence or Imperial Command: the Liberal Policy on Turkish Reforms and the Cyprus Question; 5. Conclusion: Ideas and Practices in the Liberals' Eastern Policy. In general, they explain the way the Liberals contributed-however differently from the Conservatives-to the expansion of the British Empire, and, paradoxically, to the overthrow of classical liberalism in the meantime
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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