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“Simultaneous and yet Separate”－odern Discursive Strategies toward Confucianism and Islam in Western Universalism
No full text長久以來，歐美作家習慣以「西方」為名來鞏固自我認同，並透過所謂西方精神與文明價值觀在世界上的傳播，辨識或建構出非西方的「他者」。於是，西方文明對內成為加強主體認同的思想基礎，對外又形成一種優越的批判立場，使身為主體的「西方」在面對異文明的同時，看似以普遍價值的高姿態來維持本身文明存在的合理性，最終成就了「西方普遍主義」。然而，探究許多文獻可以發現，儘管歐美作家始終保有普遍身分的認同心態，其論述內容卻不必然能夠維持普遍性，因為，當同屬異文明的儒家與伊斯蘭共同出現時，西方文明主體基於傳統價值觀，分別和兩者發展出不同的互動模式，不但不能對儒家與伊斯蘭展現一視同仁的普遍姿態，還必須採取「同時，不過分開」的敘事策略來加以論述。因此，西方的普遍主義是矛盾的，一方面身為「他者」的儒家與伊斯蘭若同時出現，可以映襯出西方文明的普遍性，另一方面，歐美作家也要將兩者分開討論，保持與個別文明的彈性對話空間，並且杜絕本質不同的儒家與伊斯蘭聯手形成真正的文明威脅。本文以亞洲價值與文明衝突論為主要探討範疇，試圖分析歐美作家的普遍主義思維會如何敘述儒家與伊斯蘭。其中，亞洲價值所展現出來的普遍身分較為婉轉間接，並且明顯使用「同時，不過分開」的敘事策略來處理可親的儒家與威脅的伊斯蘭。文明衝突論則表達出更直接的普遍認知與中心主義，以致未能顧及文明的差異性而將儒家與伊斯蘭視為威脅同盟，使得西方文明的主體性得到全新的鞏固。最終，歐美敘述本身與兩個異文明的相互關係便賦予西方文明的普遍身分，則本文的研究重心則以嘗試揭開這種「同時，不過分開」的敘事策略，進一步將「西方」從普遍主義的敘事者，轉變成平等的被敘事對象。European and American narrators have been used to construct self-identity in the name of “the west” for a long time and also discern “the others” which are non-western civilizations by expanding the western spirits and values to the whole world. Western civilization therefore could be the foundation which reinforce the self-identity internally, and externally, produce a judging superiority that maintains the privilege to rationalize the existence of western civilization when confronting with dissimilarities and ultimately create “Western Universalism”. However, western narratives are not always universal even if the narrators almost recognize the identity of universalism. Especially when Confucianism and Islam arise simultaneously, the western civilization, according to traditional values, would develop two different interactive models which not only are apposed to the universalism, but also potentially produce certain “Simultaneous yet Separate” narrative strategies. Hence, western universalism becomes a paradox. On one hand, the universality of western civilization could be verified when Confucianism and Islam coincide as “the others”. On the other hand, Confucianism and Islam should be narrated separately to assure “the west” keeps the access to communicate with independent both, which preclude these two different civilizations from forming a new threatening alliance. Through the main studying in “Asian Values” and “Clash of Civilizations”, Confucianism and Islam would be assumed divergently under western universalism. Comparatively, western identity in “Asian Values” presents more indirect universality when discussing a friendly Confucianism and a threatening Islam simultaneously yet separately. In the “Clash of Civilizations” covered with affirmative universalism and west-centralism, the narrators would easily achieve the integrality of “a new west” by ignoring the heterogeneity between Confucianism and Islam and combining them as a threatening alliance. As a result that the universal identity of western civilization depends on how western narrators manipulate the interrelations between itself and the others (Confucianism and Islam), revealing the “Simultaneous yet Separate” narrative strategies would become the main purpose of this paper. Furthermore, the western narrators complying with universal identity would be deconstructed equally to the narrated object.誌謝………………………………………………………………………....i文摘要......................................................................................................iii文摘要……………………………………………………………….......iv錄………………………………………………………………………..vi一章 緒論……………………………………………………………….1一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………..1二節 研究方法─文獻分析與詮釋………………………………..4三節 文獻與文本…………………………………………………..5一項 西方眼中的單一他者……………………………………6二項 西方視野中同時出現的儒家與伊斯蘭…………………8三項 西方普遍主義身分的探討……………………………..10四節 分析架構……………………………………………………12五節 西方普遍主義的指涉………………………………………15二章 分析架構─西方論述中的四種語境…………………………..16一節 西方的現實主義語境………………………………………18一項 儒教威脅論…………………………………………….18二項 儒教夥伴論…………………………………………….22二節 西方的理想主義語境………………………………………26一項 儒教可親論……………………………………………..26二項 儒教威脅論……………………………………………..31三章 亞洲價值的挑戰─西方普遍人權的建構與辯論……………...35一節 亞洲價值緣起─西方普遍主義的反襯……………………37二節 當西方遇見東方─亞洲人權辯論與西方人權的普遍性…40一項 西方普遍人權的直接肯定……………………………..41二項 西方普遍人權的間接肯定……………………………..46三節 異文明的並列與切割─儒家與伊斯蘭的分別論述………49一項 並列的儒家與伊斯蘭─作為「整體」的亞洲………..50二項 切割的儒家與伊斯蘭─亞洲價值的分水嶺…………..52四節 小結─亞洲的多元性與「泛亞洲」價值…………………..59四章 文明衝突論─西方主體意識的重建…………………………...62一節 尋找敵人─文明衝突論的誕生……………………………64二節 塑造敵人─來自「東方」的威脅………………………….68一項 反西方情結─非西方集團形成的潛在因素…………..69二項 反西方核心─作為威脅的儒家與伊斯蘭……………..72三節 恐怖結合─西方主體意識的昇華…………………………78一項 非關文明─陌生與矛盾的同盟………………………..79二項 暴力的西方中心主義…………………………………..81四節 小結─西方的沒落與重生…………………………………84五章 普遍主義的身分意識…………………………………………...86一節 從東方主義到文化帝國─探究西方普遍主義心態………88二節 從間接到直接─較亞洲價值與文明衝突論中的普遍身分意涵………….93一項 亞洲價值的間接表態…………………………………..94二項 文明衝突的直接論述…………………………………..96三節 救贖與墮落─同時但分開的敘事策略……………………98四節 小結─建構「普遍」的西方………………………………..101六章 結語：解釋與回顧……………………………………………..103一節 文明的緣起與交會─毫不普遍的普遍主義……………..104一項 被發現的儒家…………………………………………104二項 同源共生的伊斯蘭……………………………………107二節 西方普遍主義的敘事策略─“同時，不過分開”……….111一項 回歸永遠的普遍心態…………………………………111二項 “同時，不過分開”的儒家與伊斯蘭─析西方敘事策略…………………………………...113考書目………………………………………………………………...11
Antimicrobial susceptibility differences of Acinetobacter baumannii between chicken and human isolates
No full text摘要 鮑氏不動桿菌（Acinetobacter baumannii；AB）為環境中伺機菌，常存在於健康人體皮膚表面，此菌亦為重要的院內病原菌，可造成包括：菌血症、肺炎、腦膜腦炎等具有高度死亡率的數種感染症，且廣泛使用抗生素治療，易使此菌對廣效性抗生素產生抗藥性，主要由於乙內醯胺酶之產生，導致治療上的窘境，也備受重視。在各動物族群中，目前僅於犬、貓與馬見相關報告。本研究自2006年6月至2007年5月由台灣北、中、南及東部地區之雞隻，分別採取810個氣管及共泄腔棉拭子樣本，培養於礦物培養基，再以改良式Leeds Acinetobacter Medium（MLAM）培養基分離目標菌株後；除經16S rRNA聚合酶鏈鎖反應外並利用擴增核糖體DNA限制性分析方法（amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis；ARDRA）進行基因型分析與鮑氏不動桿菌標準菌株（ATCC 19606）比對鑑定，結果共分離70/1620株（4.3％）鮑氏不動桿菌。北、中、南、東部地區的分離率分別為5％（15/312）、5.5％（21/384）、4.6％（32/692）及0.9％（2/232），以及至台北某一醫院收集73株病患分離之鮑氏不動桿菌；進行藥物敏感性試驗、偵測抗藥性基因與脈衝式電泳分析（pulsed-field gel electrophoresis；PFGE）。由藥物敏感性試驗結果得知，雞來源鮑氏不動桿菌對安比西林、安默西林、羥四環素均產生高等程度抗藥性（high-level resistance），但對人醫所使用的乙內醯胺類抗生素與乙內醯胺酶抑制劑合併製劑 (例：Unasyn 與Tazocin )、amikacin與carbapenems類藥物仍具有敏感性；而人分離菌株大部分為多重抗藥性菌株，62％（45/73）對胺基醣苷類與乙內醯胺類藥物包括meropenem皆產生抗藥性，除了可利斯汀與Unasyn 為具敏感性。將所分離之143株鮑氏不動桿菌分離株為基礎，根據藥物敏感試驗結果來探討抗藥性基因之相關性。隨即以聚合酶鏈鎖反應進行抗藥性基因之分析，經定序及與國外研究結果比對後，143株鮑氏不動桿菌人源（73株）與雞源（70 株）菌株中，人源菌株具blaTEM-1、blaSHV-18、blaOXA-51-like、blaOXA-58、blaOXA-72及blaAmpC基因，分別為82.3％、50.7％、100％、86.3％ 、38.9％與100％；雞源菌株所具有之比例分別為75.7％、47.1％、100％、64.3％、8.6％與100％。因此，抗藥性基因與乙內醯胺類之抗藥性有很大之關係。運用脈衝式電泳分型分析來比較雞與人源菌株兩者間之關係，結果發現兩種來源之菌株間具有相同基因型，但抗藥性之演化應該是獨立發生。人類分離株抗藥性比例明顯比雞隻分離株高，人類分離株具有多重抗藥性，但其抗藥性並不源自雞隻。結果認為人類與雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌具有基因相關性，但是抗藥性之演化是各自獨立的。Abstract Acinetobacter species is an opportunistic pathogen present in the environment, and also a common part of the normal skin flora in human. Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important pathogen in nosocomial infection. It may cause serious infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia and meningitis that yields high rates of mortality and morbidity. Extensive use of antimicrobial chemotherapy within hospitals has contributed for the selection and the increase in the number of A. baumannii strains resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, mainly due to the products of β-lactamases. A. baumannii become to mutidrug resistant, and difficult to treatment. To date A. baumannii has only been associated with the dog, cat and horse. In this study, eight hundred and ten tracheal and cloaca swabs were collected from poultry farms from June 2006 to May 2007 in district regions of Taiwan. Mineral medium was used for isolation of A. baumanni strains. This Modified Leeds acinetobacter medium (MLAM) was used as the selective medium. The samples were identified not only by polymerase chain reaction but also by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Of the sample collected 70/1620 strains (4.3 %) were isolated. The prevalence in the northern, middle, southern and eastern in regions were 5 % (15/312)、5.5 % (21/384)、4.6 % (32/692）and 0.9 % (2/232). A total of 73 Acinetobacter baumannii were consecutively collected from patient in regional hospital. The microdilution method results indicated the A. baumannii isolates were high resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin and oxytetracycline but were sensitive to unasyn , amikacin and carbapenems of poultry. Most of human A.baumannii isolates had multidrug resistant bacteria . Forty-five isolate (62 %) were resistant to all aminoglycosides and beta-lactam antibiotic (include Meropenem), except susceptible to colistin and unasyn . TEM-, SHV-, and OXA-related enzymes and AmpC beta-lactamase were studied by PCR with 143 A. baumannii isolates recovered from chicken (n=70) and human (n=73) origin. By the results of sequencing and comparing with other previous studies, the percentage of β-lactamase gene in A. baumannii of humans and chickens are 82.3 % and 75.7 % in blaTEM-1, 50.7 % and 47.1 % in blaSHV-18, 100 % and 100 % in blaOXA-51-like, 86.3 % and 64.3 % in blaOXA-58 and 38.9 % and 8.6 % in blaOXA-72, 100 % and 100 % in blaAmpC. To determine the genetic relatedness among human and chicken isolates by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis. Clusters containing both human and chicken strains, as well as some strains that were closely related genetically. Human isolates were against more antimicrobials and had higher levels of resistance than chicken isolates. This study demonstrated that the A. baumannii isolates from human and chicken were genetically related, but the drug resistance for the two groups developed independently.口試委員會審定書 i謝 ii文摘要 iii文摘要 v錄 vii次 xii次 xiii寫表 xiv一章 緒言 1二章 文獻探討 3一節 鮑氏不動桿菌形態學及生化特性、培養基及致病性 3二節 鮑氏不動桿菌抗藥性之發展 5三節 鮑氏不動桿菌感染動物與環境抗藥性之探討 7四節 現今治療鮑氏不動桿菌有效之藥物 9 4.1 可利斯汀 9 4.2 sulbactam 9 4.3 carbapenems 10 4.4 四環素類抗生素 10五節 鮑氏不動桿菌之多重抗藥性 12 5.1 鮑氏不動桿菌對乙內醯胺類的抗藥性 12 5.2 鮑氏不動桿菌對胺基醣苷類的抗藥性機制 14 5.3 鮑氏不動桿菌對奎諾酮類藥物抗藥性機制 15 5.4 鮑氏不動桿菌對四環素類抗生素的抗藥性機制 15六節 抗藥性基因之傳遞位置 17七節 乙內醯胺酶 15 7.1 乙內醯胺酶結構 19 7.2 乙內醯胺酶之分類 19 7.2.1 布希分類法 19 7.2.2 安柏拉分類法 21八節 鮑氏不動桿菌目前全球常見超廣效性乙內醯胺酶 22 8.1 安柏拉分類A 22 8.1.1 TEM 22 8.1.2 SHV 22 8.1.3 PER-1 23 8.1.4 VEB-1 23 8.1.5 CTX-M 23 8.2 安柏拉分類B 24 8.2.1 IMP 24 8.2.2 VIM 24 8.3 安柏拉分類C 25 8.4 安柏拉分類D 25 8.4.1 OXA-23-like 25 8.4.2 OXA-58 26 8.4.3 OXA-51-like 26 8.4.4 OXA-24-like 27九節 台灣乙內醯胺酶與超廣效性乙內醯胺酶基因型 28十節 超廣效性乙內醯胺酶與公共衛生之觀點 29 十一節 超廣效性乙內醯胺酶之檢測 30 11.1 表現型方式 30 11.2 分子診斷方法 31三章 材料與方法 33一節 實驗材料 33 1.1 培養基、試驗溶劑與配方 1.2 器具 35 1.3 儀器設備 36二節 實驗方法 37 2.1 實驗菌株之來源 37 2.1.1人類菌株 37 2.1.2雞隻檢體 38 2.2 細菌增殖與純化 38 2.3生化試驗 38 2.4 DNA的萃取 38 2.5 鑑定與菌種保存 39 2.5.1 API 20 NE鑑定 39 2.5.2 利用聚合酶鏈鎖反應鑑定不動桿菌 39 2.5.3 增幅核糖體DNA限制性分析 40 2.5.4 存菌 40 2.6 抗菌劑藥物敏感性試驗 41 2.7 聚合酶連鎖反應偵測乙內醯胺酶 42 2.7.1 blaTEM、blaSHV、ampC與ISAba1基因偵測 42 2.7.2 使用多重引子進行聚合酶鏈鎖反應偵測OXA基因 42 2.7.3 OXA-24-like基因定序 43 2.7.4 偵測OXA-51-like或OXA-58-like之啟動子ISAba1是否存在 43 2.8 洋菜膠體電泳分析、染色、照膠 43 2.9 聚合酶鏈鎖反應產物之純化 43 2.10 DNA序列定序 44 2.11 脈衝式電泳 44 2.11.1 染色體菌體包埋與清洗 44 2.11.2 鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝式電泳分析 45三節 統計分析 46 3.1 抗生素敏感性試驗統計分析 46 3.2 脈衝氏電泳圖譜分析 46四章 結果 47一節 鮑氏不動桿菌之培養分離結果 47 1.1 在人類菌株方面 47 1.2 養雞場 47二節 抗生素敏感性試驗結果 49三節 PCR偵測結果 51 3.1 利用聚合酶鏈鎖反應偵測blaTEM基因 51 3.2 利用聚合酶鏈鎖反應偵測blaSHV基因 51 3.3 偵測 AB ampC 基因 52 3.4 使用多引子聚合酶鏈鎖反應偵測OXA carbapenemases 52四節 人與雞分離株脈衝式電泳基因型別分析 55五章 討論 57一節 檢體採集與細菌分離、培養及鑑定之探討 57 1.1人類菌株來源 57 1.2 雞隻菌株來源 57二節 抗生素敏感性試驗之探討 59三節 鮑氏不動桿菌乙內醯胺酶分佈情形 66 3.1 鮑氏不動桿菌TEM乙內醯胺酶之分佈調查 66 3.2 鮑氏不動桿菌SHV乙內醯胺酶之分佈調查 67 3.3 鮑氏不動桿菌AmpC乙內醯胺酶之分佈調查 68 3.4 鮑氏不動桿菌OXA乙內醯胺酶之分布 68四節 鮑氏不動桿菌分子流行病學 70六章 結論 72 考文獻 73 次一 人與雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌分離株對十六種抗微生物劑藥物敏感性試驗結果抗藥性百分比 88二 各地區鮑氏不動桿菌分離株對十六種抗微生物劑藥物敏感性試驗結果抗藥性百分比 89三 北部地區雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝氏電泳親源樹狀圖 90四: 中部地區雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝氏電泳親源樹狀圖 91五: 南部地區雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝氏電泳親源樹狀圖 92六 台灣雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝氏電泳親源樹狀圖 93七 人來源鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝氏電泳親源樹狀圖 94八 人與雞來源鮑氏不動桿菌脈衝氏電泳親源樹狀圖 95九 人與雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌抗藥性樹狀圖 96十 人類鮑氏不動桿菌抗藥性樹狀圖 97十一 雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌抗藥性樹狀圖 98 次一 北、中、南、東四地區採樣縣市、場數與雞隻數量統計表 99二 各地區雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌之分離率 100三 選用抗菌劑所使用之溶媒、稀釋液 101四 人與雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌分離株對16種抗菌劑之敏感性試驗的結果與抗藥性的判定濃度（μg/mL 102五 各地區雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌分離株對 16 種抗菌劑的MIC50 、MIC90與抗藥性之百分比 103六 聚合酶鏈鎖反應引子序列、黏合溫度、循環數與產物大小 104 七 AMC表現型及blaTEM-1基因之數量及百分比 105八 比較SHV乙內醯胺酶胺基酸的位置 105九 偵測具有 ABampC Ceftazidime 最小抑制濃度分成三群 106十 ISAba1、OXA和meropenem MIC的關係 107十一 以75％相似值分成24群組，各群組人與雞隻鮑氏不動桿菌分離株所佔的數量及百分率 10
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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