125 research outputs found
Longitudinal Trends in Internationalisation, Collaboration Types, and Citation Impact: A Bibliometric Analysis of Seven LIS Journals (1980-2008)
No full textJournal publication is a core avenue for sharing research in the LIS field. Effective scholarly communication is beneficial to the growth of a discipline. Bibliometrics research shows that articles in prestigious international journals are predominantly those of authors based in a few nations, however. Papers from authors outside the established nations are likely to be cited less often. This study analysed the longitudinal changes in geographical patterns of authorship, collaboration types, and factors affecting the citation impact of seven top LIS journals over a period of 29 years. In addition to data from all nations, this paper includes specific findings relating to Asian countries. Analysis of 8,140 papers shows that the internationalisation level in the sample set has increased in terms of number of nations represented and in a decreasing Gini coefficient. The presence of Asian nations such as Taiwan and Singapore as top contributing countries is particularly notable in the past 10 years. Domestic collaboration is found to be the dominant type of authorship pattern. In terms of citation impact as measured by citation counts, logistic regression was used to test the effects of author continent, country income level, collaboration type, publication year, and number of authors. Papers from lower-income countries or from Asian or European authors are found less likely to be ‘more cited.’ International and domestic collaboration had a positive relation with citation counts. A practical implication is that authors may consider international collaboration as a way to increase the visibility and impact of their research. Nevertheless, the reasons behind such differential citation impact require more exploration. Invisible colleges, the strengths of weak ties, and the geographic scope of a paper are some factors to be further examined. It is hoped that more research can help identify and overcome barriers in scholarly communication so as to achieve a genuine internationalisation of science
香港之夜
No full textpoems by Fan Sin Piu 樊善標, Chan Chi Tak 陳滅, Cheng Ching Hang 鄭政恆, Ng Mei Kwan 吳美筠, Lau Wai Shing 劉偉成, Liu Waitong 廖偉棠, Chris Song 宋子江, Chow Hon Fai 周漢輝, Jacky Yuen 阮文略, Zeit Fong方太
[[alternative]]The Regional Development On San-Sin Plain Of I-lan In Japanese Colonical Regime
No full text[[abstract]]Abstract
The essay is a study in the frontier area, San-sin of I-lan, which dealing with the historical process of this frontier society. It has focus on illustrating the regional specialty of this frontier area, by its original environment and nation mechanism.
Thus, the author attempt to express the following 6 topics：
（1） Analyzing the character of San-sin regional environment,
（2） Constructing the spatial process of land cultivation in Ching Dynasty,
（3） Exploring how the nation mechanism guided the development of this frontier area,
（4） Understanding the pattern of land cultivation in Japanese’s colonial regime,
（5） Finding the detail of economical production of San-sin area in Japanese capitalism and how the nation mechanism reconstructs the environment,
（6） Analyzing the rule of space structure and the character of society in San-sin area,
The results of this study are the follows:
1. San-sin plain is sited on the gate of Tai-Yia tribe, where it was the most dangerous region in Taiwan close-mountainous areas. Meanwhile, the natural environment of San-sin is an alluvial fan, accompanied with several furious floods annually.
Both of the two factors make the crucial key-point to influence San-sin region development.
2. Due to the dangerous environment, Han People experienced very hard time to cultivate this frontier area,but they gains few achievement ,finally.
It’s not until 1850, shugfan （the more civilized aborigines）begun to immigrate into the San-sin plains and developed their community by force.
They built their settlements from north to south, and from east to west on the southern I-Lan. But all the settlements were still sparse on San-sin plain during Ching Dynasty.
3. Japanese colonial authority had diversified its governing aborigine’s policy by setting up cordons from 1903 to 1911, and activated San-sin plain becoming a safe frontier for new immigrants to move in.
4. Shortly after Japanese colonial regime had controlled the aboriginal boundary, it attracted various groups to cultivate this great virgin land.
Under the powerful control of the colonial authority, Japan’s private corporations and I-lan land-owners cultivated the wild land, San-sin plain was well cultivated eventually.
5. After finishing land cultivation, nation mechanism and the capitals make more investments to transform the landscape to a stable area.
Forest resources, camphor trees and cane-sugar become the main business of the San-sin plain, too. In other words, San-sin plain pave its way to a capitalized economical system, ultimately.
6. In the meantime, nation mechanism was also the main power to influence the social structure on San-sin plain. Nation mechanism constructed a good space stratum, and the regional social activities also held in the same administrative division.
The local society was constructed by nation mechanism. It helped the cultivation of San-sin, but in another way, it also made San-sin the same as all other areas in Taiwan.
Ext and the square lemma.
No full textIn his book "Lectures on Rings and Modules" Professor J. Lambek introduced Extl based on the "Square Lemma". In this thesis his approach has been used to define Extn for any positive integer n. This definition will be called symmetric definition of Ext n, since it is symmetric in both projective and injective modules. The equivalence of this new definition of Extn and the ordinary one has been shown. This symmetric definition together with the Square Lemma gives us an elegant method of diagram chasing, by squares instead of elements. Some applications are given
Linear equations over commutative rings
No full textAbstractA generalized rank (McCoy rank) of a matrix with entries in a commutative ring R with identity is discussed. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the linear equation Ax = b are derived, where x, b are vectors and A is a matrix with entries in either a Noetherian full quotient ring or a zero dimensional ring
Ext and the square lemma.
No full textIn his book "Lectures on Rings and Modules" Professor J. Lambek introduced Extl based on the "Square Lemma". In this thesis his approach has been used to define Extn for any positive integer n. This definition will be called symmetric definition of Ext n, since it is symmetric in both projective and injective modules. The equivalence of this new definition of Extn and the ordinary one has been shown. This symmetric definition together with the Square Lemma gives us an elegant method of diagram chasing, by squares instead of elements. Some applications are given
Are Library and Information Science Journals Becoming More Internationalized? A Longitudinal Study of Authors' Geographical Affiliations in 20 LIS Journals from 1981 to 2003
No full textThis paper examines journal publications in the field of library and information science (LIS) to assess the level of
internationalization in their publications authorship pattern. The international production and communication of
scholarly knowledge is crucial to the growth of a discipline. Recent advancement in communication technology and the rise of globalization have led to the hope of a more balanced flow of scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, scholars also cautioned the possibility of a global digital divide and a widening knowledge gap. This study analyzed the geographical affiliations of authors in 20 international LIS journals to track the longitudinal changes in LIS authorship pattern. Findings suggest an increase in the internationalization of LIS authorships over the years. However, the LIS authorship distribution was still highly uneven in 2003 (Gini coefficient = 0.95). Economic power is still found to be a moderate predictor of publication performance. The findings of this study suggest that, at the moment of the writing, there is still room for the LIS field to be more internationalized. Further research is needed to identify the barriers in international scholarly communication and to explore the implications of such a communication pattern on scientific development and global equality
A Search for Neutrino Oscillations.
No full textA search for neutrino oscillation has been carried out at LAMPF (the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility). The engineering run in the 1986 cycle has demonstrated that the detector works as designed. The probability of oscillation between two neurino types \nu\sb1 and \nu\sb2 can be parameterized by two variables: (1) the difference between the squares of the masses of two mass eigenstates m\sp2 m\sb1\sp2 - m\sb2\sp2\vert), and (2) the mixing angle between the two states. In this experiment, we set limits on the oscillations \bar\nu\sb\mu \bar\nu\sb{\rm e} and \nu\sb{\rm e} \bar\nu\sb{\rm e} as a function of m\sp2 and sin\sp2 2\Theta. For the \bar\nu\sb\mu \to \bar\nu\sb{\rm e} oscillation, we obtained sin\sp22\theta 0.14 (90% C.L.) in the limit of large mass difference m\sp2 between neutrino mass eigenstates m\sb1 and m\sb2; and an upper limit on the product m\sp2sin\sp2 2\theta 0.35 eV\sp2 in the limit of small mass difference. For the \nu\sb{\rm e}\to\bar\nu\sb{\rm e} oscillation, we obtained sin\sp2 2\theta 0.21 (90% C.L.) in the limit of large mass difference m\sp2 and an upper limit on the product m\sp2sin\sp2 2\theta 0.39 eV\sp2 in the limit of small mass difference
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
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