1,721,023 research outputs found
Impaired social functioning among youth with conduct disorder : neurobiological mechanisms of reinforcement-based dicision-making and the role of cyberbullying experiences
No full textFrom one-person to two-person social neuroscience: new ecological approaches to study social interactions
No full textTraditional social neuroscience focuses on how one person processes social stimuli, failing to capture the dynamic nature of reciprocal interactions. Thus, the “second-person” approach has become a prominent method to study social interactions. Sibling relationships, being among the longest and most relevant social connections, can be both supportive and conflict-ridden. In our study involving young same-sex siblings (N = 56), we explored their social interactions through two novel tasks measuring real-time cooperation and competition in a more immersive and dynamic way. The Cooperation Tetris Task involved solving interactive puzzle games, emphasizing effective cooperation, and non-verbal coordination. The Chicken Game Task required participants to make decisions in a virtual driving scenario, changing the degree of cooperation and competition based on the decisions made by both participants. Pairs of two dominant individuals exhibited more apathetic sibling relationships and higher competitive behavior, while subordinate pairs demonstrated cooperative behavior by using more turn-taking strategies. Heterogeneous pairs fell in between, with no significant differences in solving the Tetris game. In the field of empathy research, previous studies tend to focus on participants adopting the role of the victim in aggressive interactions. However, a few studies explored perspective-taking in the role of the offender, yielding mixed results. In our second study, we delved into the neural correlates of affective and cognitive empathy by asking participants to adopt both the victim´s and aggressor’s roles during realistic violent interactions videos, compared to neutral situations. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 21 male participants revealed distinct patterns of neural activation for victim´s perspective compared to offender´s perspective during affective and cognitive empathy, with increased activation in the mentalizing network. The future of social neuroscience relies on integrating ecological tasks simulating more closely real-life scenarios and shifting from solely examining how one person processes social stimuli to studying dynamic interactions
Thermal pain and electrical stimulation: neuromodulation of C- and Aδ-fibre afferents in the central nervous system
No full textAcute and chronic pain attenuate the quality of life of patients and cause immense costs for society. Therefore, health professionals continuously try to ameliorate pain treatment concepts. A crucial part of pain treatment is pharmacological pain therapy. It is, albeit, limited by side effects of the medications used and insufficient pain reduction. For this reason, we need complementary approaches for pain treatment. A promising method is pain modulation by electrical stimulation. The method presented in this study influences the transmission of neuronal signals to the first synapse in the central nervous system by facilitating (LTP) or inhibiting (LTD) it.Attenuating synaptic transmission through low-frequency stimulation (4 Hz) is thought to reduce the sensation of pain in the central nervous system while high- frequency stimulation (100 Hz) should increase the sensation of pain in the experimental setting. In order to investigate our hypothesis, 16 men underwent low-frequency, high-frequency and sham stimulation in a randomized placebo- controlled cross-over study. Pain perception was evaluated with Quantitative Sensory Testing and Visual Analogue Scale. The main findings of our study do not support the promising results of previous studies that low-frequency stimulation led to pain reduction. Our study found that the pain ratings of participants increased after low-frequency stimulation as well as high-frequency stimulation. A possible explanation for this finding compared to the findings of other studies is that our stimulation protocol differed from that of other groups. We conclude from our study that a standardized, reliable stimulation protocol is required to further study the capacity for pain modulation of afferent pain fibres by electrical stimulation with the matrix electrode and potentially use it on a regular basis for pain treatment in patients
Die Dynamik von Geschwisterbeziehungen: Messung von Aggression und Dominanz in interaktiven Paradigmen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Hormonregulation
No full textDue to their family background and shared experience of conflict, siblings represent a particularly interesting target group for studying competitive behavior. The steroid hormones testosterone and cortisol have already been linked to status-relevant behavior in several studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavior of siblings using two interactive competition tasks and their effects on hormone levels. The influence of personality factors and the effect on aggression and dominance were examined. 20 same-sex (10 male and 10 female) sibling pairs competed against each other in two paradigms measuring dominance and aggression (interactive chicken game and interactive Taylor aggression paradigm). Saliva samples were taken before and after each task to measure cortisol and testosterone. The participants answered questions about their sibling relationship (Sibling Type Questionnaire, STQ) beforehand and personality questionnaires on anger, status-relevant behavior and competition after the study. Based on the information provided by the siblings in the STQ, they were divided into cooperative and competitive siblings, with more males falling into the competitive cluster and more females into the cooperative clusterGender differences were also observed in testosterone levels. A significant change in cortisol levels over time was observed. No sufficient effect on hormonal regulation could be demonstrated for the paradigms, nor was there a correlation between self-reported personality factors, competitive behavior, hormone levels and cluster assignment. Future studies should consider a larger sample size and other influencing factors, such as socio-cultural factors. The study suggests gender differences in status-relevant behavior and hormone regulation but does not capture all relevant aspects to explain the interplay of competitive behavior, hormone regulation and personality factors
A combined administration of testosterone and arginine vasopressin affects aggressive behavior in males
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Emotionserkennung : eine Analyse der Reaktionszeit und Genauigkeit unter Einbeziehung bewusster und unbewusster Wahrnehmung durch ein rückwärtsmaskiertes Paradigma
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