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Dutch protocol from Groningen (the so-called Groningen Protocol). The problem of deliberate causing of death in newborns (“neonatal euthanasia”)
No full textProblem eutanazji w państwach, w których ta procedura jest legalna dotyczy pacjentów zdolnych do podejmowania decyzji o swojej śmierci. Wyrażenie zgody na medycznie wspomagane przyspieszenie śmierci jest kluczowe. Inaczej natomiast wygląda sytuacja w przypadku osób, które nie mają zdolności do podejmowania decyzji, takim są np. pacjenci psychicznie chorzy, niepełnosprawni intelektualnie, pozbawieni świadomości czy bardzo małe dzieci. W Holandii zostały przyjęte wytyczne dotyczące niemowląt, które są dotknięte nieuleczalną chorobą, tzw. Protokół z Groningen. Zapisy tego protokołu dotyczą zarówno rezygnacji z terapii, jak i czynnego przerwania życia w postaci celowego spowodowania śmierci (eutanazji neonatalnej). Należy zaznaczyć, że dokument ten nie jest wiążącym aktem prawnym.
Powstają wątpliwości czy zapisy protokołu to jedynie dozwolona rezygnacja z terapii czy też przyzwolenie na zabójstwo, które przy liberalnej polityce holenderskiej może pozostać bezkarne. Pozostaje otwarte pytanie czy mamy do czynienia z aktem miłosierdzia w postaci przerwania cierpień nieuleczalnie chorych pacjentów czy też jest to wygodny pretekst do pozbycia się nieuleczalnie chorych dzieci pod pozorem niskiej jakości ich życiaThe problem of euthanasia in countries where this procedure is legal concerns patients who are capable of deciding on their own death. Consent to medically assisted acceleration of death is essential. However, the situation is different in the case of people who do not have the capacity to make decisions, such as patients who are mentally ill, mentally disabled, unaware or very young children. In the Netherlands, guidelines have been adopted for infants affected by incurable diseases, the so-called Groningen Protocol. The provisions of this Protocol concern both the resignation from therapy and active termination of life in the form of death (“neonatal euthanasia”). It should be noted that this document is not a binding legal act.
Doubts arise as to whether the provisions of the Protocol are merely a permitted abandonment of resignation from therapy or a consent to homicide, which may go unpunished under liberal Dutch policy. The question remains open as to whether this is an act of mercy in the form of an end to the suffering of terminally ill patients or a convenient pretext for getting rid of terminally ill children under the guise of poor quality of life
How to explain the phenomenon of law
No full textPoniższy artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Jego celem jest krótki przegląd konkurujących sposobów rozumienia prawa. Koncepcje te nabierają znaczenia w obliczu obecnego kryzysu militarnego, mogą bowiem stanowić podstawę do opracowania skutecznych sposobów stabilizacji porządku międzynarodowego, m.in. poprzez ukaranie sprawców zbrodni wojennych. W pierwszej zaprezentowane zostały koncepcje prawa naturalnego wraz z jej wariantem, tj. prawem natury o zmiennej treści i pozytywizmu prawniczego (klasycznego, teorii „czystego prawa” Hansa Kelsena, pozytywizmu wyrafinowanego), formuły Gustawa Radbrucha oraz relacje między nimi. W drugiej części omówione zostały realistyczna koncepcja prawa (realizm amerykański, psychologizm prawniczy Leona Petrażyckiego i skandynawski), koncepcje tzw. trzeciej drogi (hermeneutyka, komunikacyjna teoria prawa, retoryczna koncepcja prawa Chaima Perelmana) oraz wielopłaszczyznowe ujęcie prawa.The following article is divided into two parts. Its purpose is to briefly review the competing ways of understanding the law. These concepts are gaining importance in the face of the current military crisis, as they can be the basis for developing effective ways to stabilize the international order, e.g.by punishing the perpetrators of war crimes. The first presents the concepts of natural law with its variant - the law of nature with variable content and legal positivism (classical, the theory of “pure law” by Hans Kelsen, refined positivism), Gustaw Radbruch’s formulas and the relations between them. The second part discusses the realistic concept of law (American realism, legal psychologism of Leon Petrażycki and Scandinavian ones), the concepts of the so-called the third way (hermeneutics, communication theory of law, the rhetorical concept of Chaim Perelman’s law) and a multifaceted approach to law
Przykłady wybranych praktyk antydyskryminacyjnych w miejscu pracy w odniesieniu do warunków finansowych zatrudnienia
No full textThe aim of the article is an attempt to formulate good practices of employers to counteract the phenomena of discrimination and unequal treatment. This article addresses the following issues:
- transparency in granting social benefits to employees,
- equal remuneration for new employees and those who have seniority with a given employer.
They have been present on the labour market for a long time and are a potential source of discrimination and unequal treatment of employees. The benefits of using good practices can be mutual, e.g. in the form of better performance of the entire team in the organization or a more friendly work environment
Attorney as a representative of obliged to enforcement of proceedings in administration
No full textThe aim of this paper is to highland an issue participation of attorney to enforcement of proceedings in administration. The polish act on enforcement proceeding in administration does not explicit participate of professional representative on the part of obliged on proceedings. Enforcement measures monetary and nonmonetary obligation are very complicated and complex issue for obliged. Strengthen efforts to ensure adequate legal aid are necessary to ensure the protection of obliged interests and right
Selected anti-discrimination practices in the workplace – prevention of discrimination based on gender/gender identity and religion
No full textThe aim of the article is an attempt to formulate anti-discrimination recommendations in the workplace. The proposed recommendations concern several selected areas considered to be particularly sensitive, in particular:
- use of language in documents functioning in the employer's organization, which takes into account the needs of non-binary people,
- respecting religious beliefs in the workplace,
- access to free psychological consultations for employees.
All of these issues are related to potential discrimination against employees. Preventing this phenomenon can bring benefits to both employees and the employer (e.g. in the form of better team work)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Terminalna sedacja - między opieką paliatywną a eutanazją
Get PDFThe aim of this article is a presentation of the problem of terminal sedation as
a special medical procedure, an alternative to euthanasia and physician assisted
death. Terminal sedation is consist in narcotizing the patient in the last stage of
terminal disease, sometimes with discontinued nutrition and hydration until death.
The goal of this procedure is to eliminate pain and suffering without causing death
of the patient. The opponents of this method claim that terminal sedation is a form
of euthanasia. The supporters see the difference because the intention of physician
must relieve unbearable suffering when the other procedures are useless. The terminal
sedation has to be last resort in palliative care and the decision making process must
be very careful. In case of applying this radical method the basis should be always
the informed consent of the patient and the respect for the dying person
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