1,720,974 research outputs found
From Memoir to Narration：Transformation of Novels in Late-Qing
No full text中國白話小說基本的敘述型態大致是通過一名世故、對於普遍的道德議題或人情風俗發表一般性見解的說書人，以回顧、總覽全局的方式，為假想的聽眾陳說故事。然而，近代白話小說是如何開始擺脫全知的說書人進行敘事？ 晚清小說中，有一類可稱為見聞小說。其文本的敘事者不再是權威的說書人，人物的見聞則主導了小說敘事的進行。小說內容不以連貫的情節為主，而更多是連綴而不相關的事件，《老殘遊記》與《新石頭記》可為其中代表。通過對見聞小說的研究，可以觀察近代白話小說中說書人口吻的退場，以及小說對於感受表達比重的升高。白話小說不再僅僅只是以乘載情節為主軸的文體，亦不限縮在以小說啟蒙新民等政治目的的緊箍咒中，近代通過小說表達個人感懷的傾向，實在見聞小說中已經逐步發展。 通過本論文的研究，筆者意在為晚清小說研究開拓新局。《老殘遊記》、《新石頭記》兩部優秀創作，是理解、探索相關問題絕佳的起點。小說通過旅人的參與、抒情與議論，帶出了作者的憤慨與憂鬱。晚清小說對於敘事角度的探索、對抒情性的實踐，未必和五四小說直接承接。然而對小說文體可能性的試探，卻是在晚清就已經開始進行。Chinese novels usually have a narrator which is described a virtual storyteller who knows everything about the story and keep showing his authority to virtual audiences. However, at the dawn of the 20th century, authors start trying to write novels without an arrogant storyteller. Narrators of novels were not nacessarily an arrogant storyteller but a narrator who hide himself and let character show the whole story for readers without any discussion from narrator. Analysising how those storyteller gone would be a main idea approach toward study Late-Qing novels, and the progress of the novels transformation in the Early 20th century Authors in Late-Qing were so eager to make whole society better that they tried to record social events in their novels. Therefore some novels are wrote like memoirs. On the other hand, in the absent of storytellers, the novels wrote like memoirs always have a traveler, like “ Lao Can”(老殘)of The Travels of Lao Can(老殘遊記). Through recording the travel, author show their mind in the travelers in novels.That’s why novel were no longer a genre merely told story but could discuss social events and express personal emotions. My dissertation studies on the narration of novels in Late-Qing, and mainly focus on the narrator’s authority. In the absent of storytellers, characters show their action and feel to readers directely. Trational novels are always stories with complicated plot and a noisy storyteller. However novels in the 20th century became much diverse in narrating
Grignard Metathesis Chain-Growth Polymerization and Characterization of Rod-Rod Diblock Copolymers of Polyparaphenylene-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene)
No full text本實驗研究硬桿-硬桿雙嵌段共聚高分子(rod-rod diblock copolymer)的合，並探討其所具有的自組裝行為(self-assembling behavior)所產生的相分離現，利用格林納聚合反應法(Grignard Metathesis)合成五組分子量約為4.0k 且分量分布(polydispersity index, PDI)均在1.2 以內的聚2,5-二己基氧對苯poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylene), PPP)後，再以相同方法接上聚3-己烷噻吩poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT)，得到五組不同分子量的硬桿-硬桿雙嵌段共聚高子PPP-b-P3HT。其中聚對-二己基氧苯在雙嵌段共聚高分子所佔的比例約在5%~70%之間。合成得到的五組雙嵌段共聚高分子，進行合成鑑定以及基本性質量測，較熱性質、光學性質及微結構組成的差異性。包含以膠體滲透層析儀(Gelermeation Chromatography, GPC)鑑定分子量及分子量分布情形，核磁共振氫譜(1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 1H-NMR)觀察聚2,5-二己基氧對苯與聚3-己噻吩的比例。透過紫外光-可見光光譜儀(UV-Vis Spectrophotometer)與光激發光光譜儀(Photoluminescence, PL)量測光學性質並比較其差異，及熱重分析儀Thermogravimetric Analyzer, TGA)比較五組塊狀共聚高分子熱性質差異。藉由透式電子顯微鏡(Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM)，觀察PPP-b-P3HT微觀下產生相分離的自組裝行為及排列情形，再以小角度X 光散射儀(Smallngle X-ray Scattering, SAXS)來計算PPP-b-P3HT 的分子鏈段長，以及廣角度X散射儀(Wide Angle X-ray Scattering, WAXS)來觀測微結構排列情形及晶體結。上述的儀器分析結果得知雙嵌段共聚高分子具有奈米等級的微結構，且二種均聚物的性質有些許差異，由以上數據整理比較後，得到以聚2,5-二己氧對苯及聚3-己噻吩所組成的雙嵌段共聚高分子之基本特性及在微觀自組裝amp;#64008;為的了解。外在附錄中亦以格林納聚合反應法合成了聚3-己烷噻吩-b-聚3-己烷氧amp;#22139;吩(poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(3-hexyloxythiophene), P3HT-b-P3HOT)，鑑定合成物，並探討熱性質、光學性質與微結構解析，並與PPP-b-P3HT 比較其異處。In this thesis, we studied the synthesis of rod-rod diblock copolymers via Grignard Metathesis chain-growth polymerization, and the self-assembling behavior lead to phase separation. The rod-rod diblock copolymer which was composed by poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylene (PPP) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and we synthesized five different composition which all of the PPP molecular weight is about 4000, the polydispersity index (PDI) of PPP is lower than 1.2, and then polymerized to various molecular weight of PPP-b-P3HT. The fraction of PPP in the PPP-b-P3HT diblock copolymer is about 15%~70%. The synthesized PPP-b-P3HTs were characterized by using various techniques including gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to ensure molecular weight and PDI of diblock copolymer, 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) to ensure each of the fractions of PPP and P3HT in diblock copolymer, UV-VIS and photoluminescence (PL) to analysis photo characterization and compare which of the difference, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to compare the difference between thermoresistivity of various composition of the diblock copolymers. Furthermore, the self-assembling behavior of block copolymer was investigated by TEM. We observed lamellae and fiber, which has different microphase structures for different compositions of the diblock copolymers. In the end, we used the small angle X-ray scattering technique to calculate the length of diblock copolymer, and the wide angle X-ray scattering technique to study the crystalline of PPP-b-P3HT nanostructure. We could observe that PPP-b-P3HT diblock copolymers which microphase structures within nanometer, and with difference between each of homopolymers. We could recognize the basic property and microscopic self-assembling behavior of PPP-b-P3HT by the techniques. We also synthesized poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(3-hexyloxythiophene) (P3HT-b-P3HOT) by Grignard Metathesis and characterized by using various techniques to compare the difference between PPP-b-P3HT in appendix.誌謝………………………………………………………………...……I要……………………………………………………………………IIIBSTRACT……………………………………………………….…V錄…….……………………………………….…………………….VII目錄………………………………………………………………..XI目錄………………………………………………………………XVII一章 緒論………………………….………………………………1二章 文獻回顧………………………………………….………....4.1 嵌段共聚物(Block copolymer)…………………………….....….……..4.1.1 介紹……………………….……………….………….…………….4.1.2 微觀相分離型態……………….……….…………..……...……….5.2 聚3-己烷噻吩(poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT)..………….…….………...7.3 聚2,5-二己烷氧對苯(poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylene), PPP)………..14.3.1 聚2,5-己烷氧對苯-b-聚3-己烷噻吩之雙嵌段共聚物poly(2,5-dihexyoxy-p-phenylene)-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene), PPP-b-P3HT)….16.4 聚3-己烷氧噻吩(poly(3-(hexyloxythiophene), P3HOT)……………….20.4.1 聚3-己烷噻吩-b-聚3-己烷氧噻吩之雙嵌段共聚物poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(3-hexyloxythiophene), P3HT-b-P3HOT)………..21.5 研究硬桿-硬桿雙嵌段共聚物(Rod-Rod diblock copolymer)之目的….24三章 實驗…………………………………….…………………..25.1 實驗藥品…………………………………………….…………………...25.2 儀器設備…………………………………………….…………………...27.3 單體製備………………………………………………………………...28.3.1 合成3-己烷噻吩(3-hexylthiophene)..……………………………28.3.2 合成2,5-二溴-3-己烷噻吩(2,5-dibromo-3-hexylthiophene)……29.3.3 合成1,4-二己基氧苯(1,4-dihexyloxybenzene)………….………30.3.4 合成1,4-二溴-2,5-二己基氧苯1,4-dibromo-2,5-dihexyloxybenzene)……………………….….………………....31.4 格林納聚合反應(Grignard Metathesis)………………………………...32.4.1 無水溶劑的製備……………………………..……………………32.4.2 合成聚2,5-二己烷氧對苯poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylene), PPP)………………………………………...32.4.3 合成2-溴-5-氯鎂-3-己烷噻吩2-bromo-5-chloromagnesium-3-hexylthiophene).…………………….…………..34.4.4 合成聚2,5-己烷氧對苯-b-聚3-己烷噻吩之雙嵌段共聚物poly(2,5-dihexyoxy-p-phenylene)-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene), PPP-b-P3HT)….....35.4.5 合成不同比例的PPP-b-P3HT……………….…………………..36四章 結果與討論………………………………..………………..37.1 單體合成之鑑定…………………………………..……………………...37.1.1 3-己烷噻吩(3-hexylthiophene)...…………………..………..…….37.1.2 2,5-二溴-3-己烷噻吩(2,5-dibromo-3-hexylthiophene)…………..37.1.3 1,4-二己基氧苯(1,4-dihexyloxybenzene)..……………………….38.1.4 1,4-二溴-2,5-二己基氧苯(1,4-dibromo-2,5-dihexyloxybenzene)..38.2 PPP 合成之鑑定…………………………………………………………..39.3 PPP-b-P3HT 合成之鑑定………………………………...……………….41.3.1 由GPC 鑑定PPP-b-P3HT 合成結果………….………………....41.3.2 由1H-NMR 鑑定PPP-b-P3HT 合成結果…….……………….....44.4 PPP-b-P3HT 之熱性質分析…………………….…..…...……………….46.4.1 TGA 熱性質分析……………………..…..………………………46.4.2 DSC 熱性質分析………………………………………………...47.5 PPP-b-P3HT 之光學性質分析……………….…..………………………49.5.1 UV/Vis 光譜分析……………….………...………………………49.5.2 PL 光譜分析……………….………...……………………………51.6 PPP-b-P3HT 之微結構分析…………….………...…………………...…53.6.1 TEM 影像分析……….........….………...………………………....53.6.2 SAXS 圖譜分析………….…….………...………………………..54.6.3 WAXS 圖譜分析…………...…….………...……………...……….56五章 結論………………………………..………………………..59amp;#63851;考文獻…………………………………..…………………………..61錄……………………………………………..……………………..64.合成P3HT-b-P3HOT………………...………...…………….....…………....64.1 實驗目的……………...………...…………….....…………….................64.2 實驗步驟……………...………...…………….....…………….................64.2.1 單體製備……………...………...…………….....……....……....…...64.2.1.1 無水溶劑的製備…...………...….....………….....……..…........64.2.1.2 合成3-己烷氧噻吩(3-hexyloxythiophene)…......…......….......65.2.1.3 合成2,5-二溴-3-己烷氧噻吩,5-dibromo-3-hexyloxythiophene)……………………………...…...……………66.2.2 格林納聚合反應(Grignard Metathesis)....…………….…………..67.2.2.1 合成聚3-己烷噻吩(poly(3-hexylthiophene))..….……...….…..67.2.2.2 合成2-溴-5-氯鎂-3-己烷氧噻吩-bromo-5-chloromagnesium-3-hexyloxythiophene)…………...…………..…….68.2.2.3 合成聚3-己烷噻吩-b-聚3-己烷氧噻吩之塊狀共聚物poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(3-hexyloxythiophene))…………………..…..69.3 實驗結果與討論.....……………………………………...........................70.3.1 以NMR鑑定合成單體.....……………………………………..........70.3.1.1 3-己烷氧噻吩(3-hexyloxythiophene)…....…………...…….…...70.3.1.2 2,5-二溴-3-己烷氧噻吩(2,5-dibromo-3-hexyloxythiophene)…..70.3.2 以GPC 鑑定合成P3HT-b-P3HOT 之雙嵌段共聚物……………..71.3.3 TGA 熱性質分析...……………………………………......................71.3.4 UV/Vis 光譜分析...……………………………………......................72.3.5 PL 光譜分析...…………………………………….............................72.3.6 MALDI-TOF 質譜分析…………………………...............................73.4 比較PPP-b-P3HT 及P3HT-b-P3HOT……...............................................7
The analysis of “ ethical discourses ” by Japanophone Taiwanese writers under the condition of war mobilization The case of Chang Wen Huan and Yang Kui (1937~1945)
No full textInhibition of Amyloid Fibrillization of Hen Egg-White Lysozymes by Rifampicin and p-Benzoquinone
No full textImportance of the Maintenance Pathway in the Regulation of the Activity of Escherichia coli Ribonucleotide Reductase
No full textRibonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides in all organisms. The Escherichia coli class Ia RNR is composed of α and β subunits that form an α[subscript 2]β[subscript 2] active complex. β contains the diferric tyrosyl radical (Y•) cofactor that is essential for the reduction process that occurs on α. [Y•] in vitro is proportional to RNR activity, and its regulation in vivo potentially represents a mechanism for controlling RNR activity. To examine this thesis, N- and C-terminal StrepII-tagged β under the control of an l-arabinose promoter were constructed. Using these constructs and with [l-arabinose] varying from 0 to 0.5 mM in the growth medium, [β] could be varied from 4 to 3300 µM. [Y•] in vivo and on affinity-purified Strep-β in vitro was determined by EPR spectroscopy and Western analysis. In both cases, there was 0.1–0.3 Y• radical per β. To determine if the substoichiometric Y• level was associated with apo β or diferric β, titrations of crude cell extracts from these growths were carried out with reduced YfaE, a 2Fe2S ferredoxin involved in cofactor maintenance and assembly. Each titration, followed by addition of O2 to assemble the cofactor and EPR analysis to quantitate Y•, revealed that β is completely loaded with a diferric cluster even when its concentration in vivo is 244 µM. These titrations, furthermore, resulted in 1 Y• radical per β, the highest levels reported. Whole cell Mössbauer analysis on cells induced with 0.5 mM arabinose supports high iron loading in β. These results suggest that modulation of the level of Y• in vivo in E. coli is a mechanism of regulating RNR activity.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant Number GM29595
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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