1,721,206 research outputs found
Peningkatan Performansi Membran Selulosa Asetat Dengan Penambahan Zeolit Alam Ujong Pancu, Kabupaten Aceh Besar pada Pemisahan Campuran Etanol-Air Secara Pervaporasi
No full textThe aim of this research is to study the influence of modification of cellulose acetate membranes by additing natural zeolite of Ujong Pancu towards the membrane performances (permeation flux and selectivity of the membrane) on the separation of ethanol-water mixture by pervaporation. This study consists of six stages, namely preparation of natural zeolite (including activation), the manufacture of cellulose acetate membranes, the manufacture of cellulose acetate membranes added with natural zeolite, membrane characterization, and application of membrane separation as a medium of ethanol-water mixtures by pervaporation experiments and the stability of the membrane test. Variation of feed concentration selected was 75; 85; 90; 95.6, and 98 wt % ethanol. Membrane characterization tests was carried out by sorption on a variety of feed concentration and operating temperature of 60 °C and the test of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Membrane permeation flux and selectivity is determined by the mechanism of mass transfer through the membrane. Pervaporation done with thin film cellulose acetate dense membran produced with the phase inversion method through solvent evaporation. Pervaporation conducted continuously where the feed was continuously circulated at 60 °C operating temperature and downstream pressure 0.5 mbar. Cellulose acetate membrane without zeolite and cellulose acetate membranes with the addition of natural zeolites have been produced and the performance has been investigated. Both type of the membranes have high selectivity to water. Modification of cellulose acetate membranes with natural zeolite affect the performance of the membrane where permeation flux and selectivity of the membrane increased on ethanol-water mixture separation by pervaporation. The addition of zeolite showed the optimum result at the composition of 20 wt % zeolite to the weight of cellulose acetate. In addition, it appears that the membrane is stable at the same operating conditions. Hydrophilic properties of cellulose acetate and the polarity of zeolite membranes has led to a tendency to absorb water molecules compared to ethanol, thus it is able to increase the ethanol concentration from 95.6 wt % to be 99.8 wt %. The highest selectivity of the membrane that can be achieved in this study is 843, obtained by additing 20 wt % zeolite to cellulose acetate membrane and the concentration of the feed 98 wt % ethanol and 60 °C operating temperature. Permeation flux of water at these conditions was 0.79 kg/m2.h and total permeation flux was 0.84 kg/m2.jam. To the best knowledge of the author, this is the first report about natural zeolite membrane with ratio of Si/Al = 3,3 after activated.Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh modifikasi membran selulosa asetat dengan penambahan zeolit alam Ujong Pancu terhadap unjuk kerja membran (fluks permeasi dan selektifitas membran) pada pemisahan campuran etanol-air secara pervaporasi. Penelitian ini terdiri dari enam tahap yaitu persiapan zeolit alam (termasuk aktivasi), pembuatan membran selulosa asetat, pembuatan membran selulosa asetat yang ditambahkan zeolit alam, karakterisasi membran, dan aplikasi membran sebagai media pemisah campuran etanol-air dengan percobaan pervaporasi serta uji kestabilan membran. Variasi konsentrasi umpan yang dipilih adalah 75; 85; 90; 95,6; dan 98 % (w/w) etanol. Karakterisasi membran dilakukan dengan uji sorpsi pada berbagai konsentrasi umpan dan temperatur operasi 60 oC serta uji Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fluks permeasi dan selektifitas membran ditentukan oleh mekanisme perpindahan massa melalui membran tersebut. Pervaporasi dilakukan dengan membran selulosa asetat dense berbentuk film tipis yang dibuat dengan metoda inversi fasa melalui penguapan pelarut. Pervaporasi dilakukan secara kontinyu di mana umpan disirkulasikan secara terus menerus pada temperatur operasi 60 oC dan tekanan downstream 0,5 mbar. Membran selulosa asetat tanpa zeolit dan selulosa asetat dengan penambahan zeolit alam telah dibuat dan performansinya telah diteliti. Kedua jenis membran tersebut memiliki sifat selektif terhadap air yang tinggi. Modifikasi membran selulosa asetat dengan zeolit alam berpengaruh terhadap unjuk kerja membran di mana fluks permeasi dan selektifitas membran meningkat pada pemisahan campuran etanol-air secara pervaporasi. Penambahan zeolit optimum adalah pada komposisi 20 % (w/w) zeolit terhadap berat selulosa asetat. Di samping itu terlihat bahwa membran tersebut stabil pada kondisi operasi yang sama. Sifat hidrofilik selulosa asetat dan kepolaran zeolit telah menyebabkan kecenderungan membran menyerap molekul air dibandingkan etanol sehingga telah dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi etanol dari 95,6 % (w/w) etanol menjadi 99,8 % (w/w) etanol. Selektifitas membran tertinggi yang dapat dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah 843 yang diperoleh dari membran selulosa asetat dengan penambahan 20 % (w/w) zeolit terhadap selulosa asetat dan konsentrasi umpan 98 % (w/w) etanol serta temperatur operasi 60 oC. Fluks permeasi air pada kondisi tersebut adalah 0,79 kg/m2.jam dan fluks permeasi total 0,84 kg/m2.jam. Sebagai pengetahuan terbaik bagi penulis, ini adalah laporan pertama tentang membran zeolit alam dengan rasio Si/Al = 3,3 setelah aktivasi.124 HalamanDisertasi Dokto
Perbandingan Persentase Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas Minyak Sawit Mentah terhadap produk yang Dihasilkan Setelah Melalui Proses Pemurnian dan Pemisahan
No full textHave done research Comparison of Level of Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil to
some products resulting in the process refenery and fractionation. processusing
titration Alkalimetrymethod in PT Smart Tbk Medan - Belawan. From the
research obtained percent levels of CPO (Crude Palm Oil), RBDPO (Refined
Bleached Deodorized Palm oil), PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Distilate), RBDPOL
(Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Olein), RBDPST (Refined Bleached
Deodorized Palm stearin) respectively 4,216%, 0.050%, 91.74%, 0.054%,
0.0416%. From the results of the study showed that the percent of Free Fatty Acid
levels of CPO (Crude Palm Oil) after going through the process of purification
and fractionation has a ratio of 40 : 1 : 920 : 1 : 1 where the percent of Free Fatty
Acid levels highest in PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Distilate ) and the lowest RBDPO
(Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil).60 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
Karakteristik Adesif Berbasis Karet Alam (Sir 10)/Karet Stiren Butadiena dengan Pengisi Mikrobentonit dan Benzoil Peroksida sebagai Inisiator Pengikat Silang
Get PDFNatural Rubber (SIR 10) adhesive material/Styrene Butadiene Rubber with
the addition of microbentonite fillers and benzoyl peroxide has been carried out.
Benzoyl peroxide was used to crosslinking initiator of Natural Rubber (SIR 10)
adhesive/SBR with the addition various of benzoyl peroxide of 0,5 phr, 1 phr, 1,5
phr, 2 phr and 2,5 phr. The mixture of KA/SBR is the mixed until homogeneous. Then
the mixture was placed on the PET substrate, then dried at room temperature for 72
hours and heated to 80℃ for 30 minutes. Furthemore, the mixture was characterized
by using a peel test. The peel test strength value after the addition of benzoyl
peroxide, it was found that the variation of benzoyl peroxide 2 phr had the highest
peel strength of 147,716 N/m. The optimum results from the peel test will then be
subjected to characterization tests using the SEM test, XRD test and wettability test.
Morphological analysis using SEM showed that the surface of KA/SBR with BPO
was the optimum variation showing good substrate-interface interaction and good
adhesion. In XRD analysis, the result is that without the addition of BPO to the
KA/SBR adhesive, the crystallinity index decrease by 34.34% and with BPO 2 phr
35.32%. Furthermore, it is analyzed with wettability which shows the value of the
contact angle below 90°, the wettability is water wet so that the adhesive material is
wettably onto the substrate.72 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Penentuan residu pestisida golongan organofosfat pada tanaman jeruk nipis (citrus aurantifolia) dengan menggunakan alat kromatografi gas
No full textDetermination of the levels of organophosphate pesticide residues in lime (Citrus aurantifolia) plants was carried out using a gas chromatograph with an extraction method. The sample was cut into pieces, dissolved with acetone, dichloromethane and petroleum ether, mashed with ultra turax and allowed to stand until the filtrate and residue were separated. The filtrate will be dried with a rotary evaporator, the result is dissolved in isooctane solvent with toluene in a ratio (90:10) and put into a test tube. Then determine the yield of the extract injected 1-2 μL in a gas chromatograph equipped with a specific detector for compounds containing phosphorus (FPD) and (AFID) elements. From the results of the analysis carried out, the levels of pesticide residues in lime fruit with the standard active ingredients of diazinon and fention were not detected while the standard active ingredients of chlorpyrifos were detected at 0.154 mg/kg. This shows that the level of pesticide residues in lime fruit does not exceed the maximum residue limit set by the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 88/Permentan/PP.340/12/2011 concerning the maximum limit of pesticide residues in agricultural products of lime fruit, namely 0.5 mg/kg and still fit for consumption by the public48 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
Analisa Kadar Amonia (Nh3) pada Limbah Cair Outlet Pabrik Karet Secara Salisilat Menggunakan Alat Spektrofotometer Visible Portabel Dr/2010
No full textLiquid waste containing ammonia from residual rubber processing harmful to aquatic biota, other living creatures as well as the surrounding environment if it exceeds the standard limits set by the government. To determine the level of ammonia quality in the rubber plant waste disposal of the Environment Office of Medan, salicylate method is used by the portable DR / 2010 spectrophotometer. Obtained the ammonia level from the sample of liquid waste outlet in sample 1 that is 5 mg/L and 4 mg/L, in sample 2 that is 1.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L in sample 3 that is 3,4 mg/L and 3,5 mg/L in sample 4 that is 3 mg/L and 4 mg/L, in sample 5 that is 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L, there are sample 6 that is 1.5 mg/L and 2 mg/L, in sample 7 that is 1 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L in sample 8 that is 1 mg/L and 3 mg/L, in sample 9 that is 2 mg/L and 2.2 mg/L, in sample 10 that is 1 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L. The results of the analysis prove that the ammonia content contained in the rubber factory waste disposal has met the standards set by the government.The level of ammonia quality that is allowed to be released into the environment is 1-10 mg/L.Limbah cair yang mengandung amonia dari sisa pengolahan karet berbahaya bagi biota air, makhluk hidup lainnya dan juga lingkungan sekitar apabila melewati batas standar yang telah di tetapkan oleh pemerintah. Untuk menentukan kadar mutu amonia dalam limbah buangan pabrik karet di Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Medan, metode salisilat digunakan alat spektrofotometer portabel DR/2010. diperoleh kadar amonia dari sampel limbah cair outlet pada sampel 1 yaitu 5 mg/L dan 4 mg/L, pada sampel 2 yaitu 1,5 mg/L dan 1 mg/L, pada sampel 3 yaitu 3,4 mg/L dan 3,5 mg/L, pada sampel 4 yaitu 3 mg/L dan 4 mg/L, pada sampel 5 yaitu 1 mg/L dan 2 mg/L, pada sampel 6 yaitu 1,5 mg/L dan 2 mg/L, pada sampel 7 yaitu 1 mg/L dan 1,2 mg/L, pada sampel 8 yaitu 1 mg/L dan 3 mg/L, pada sampel 9 yaitu 2 mg/L dan 2,2 mg/L, pada sampel 10 yaitu 1 mg/L dan 1,4 mg/L. Hasil analisa tersebut membuktikan bahwa kandungan amonia yang terdapat dalam limbah buangan pabrik karet telah memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh pemerintah. Kadar mutu amonia yang diperbolehkan untuk dilepaskan ke lingkungan adalah 1-10 mg/L.Kertas Karya Diplom
Pembuatan Beras Analog dari Serat Tepung Rumput Laut, Pati Singkong dan Tepung Jagung Sebagai Pangan Pokok Alternatif
No full textAnalog rice is artificial rice product made from non rice and non wheat as an alternative staple food for rice. The purpose of this research were to obtain the characteristics physico-chemical and nutritonal content of low carbohydrate and high fibersanalog rice that can be accepted by peoples tastes. Analog rice is made from raw material for seaweed flour, cassava starch and corn flour. The method used in the research is hot exstrusion by exstruder. The research steps were determening the best formulation,characteristic physico-chemist,sensory rating by hedonic methods. The best material is 70% cassava starch and 30% corn flour. Formulation of the addition of seaweed flour as a substitute is 5 10 and 15%. Of the three formulations, the best formulation is 15%. Addition of seaweed flour 15% produces higher fiber content and carbohydrate content is 52,106% very dfferent from conventional rice.Beras analog adalah produk beras buatan yang terbuat dari non beras dan non gandum sebagai pangan pokok alternatif pengganti beras. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan karakteristik kimia-fisika dan kandungan nutrisi beras analog rendah karbohidrat dan tinggi kandungan serat yang dapat diterima selera masyarakat. Beras analog dibuat dari bahan baku tepung rumput laut,pati singkong dan tepung jagung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah ekstrusi panas dengan alat ekstruder. Tahapan penelitian adalah Penentuan formulasi terbaik,karakterisasi kimia-fisika dan penilaian sensori dengan metode hedonik. Formulasi bahan baku terbaik adalah pati singkong 70% dan tepung jagung 30%. Formulasi penambahan tepung rumput laut sebagai pengsubstitusi adalah 5,10 dan 15%, dari ketiga formulasi didapat formulasi terbaik adalah dengan penambahan tepung rumput laut 15%. Penambahan tepung rumput laut 15% menghasilkan kadar serat lebih tinggi yaitu 24,88% dan kadar karbohidrat 52,106% sangat berbeda dengan beras konvensional.Skripsi Sarjan
Pengaruh Benzoil Peroksida sebagai Inisiator Pengikat Silang Terhadap Karakteristik Adesif Karet Alam (Sir-10)/Karet Alam Terepoksidasi (Kae) dengan Pengisi Mikrobentonit
No full textThis research examined the effect of benzoyl peroxide as a cross-linking
initiator on the adhesive characteristics of natural rubber (SIR-10)/epoxidized
natural rubber (KAE) with microbentonite filler. Benzoyl peroxide is used to crosslink
natural rubber adhesives and epoxidized natural rubber with the addition of
benzoyl peroxide variations from 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 (phr). Xylena,
ZnO,Microbentonite, BHT, C9 resin, and PET film are used as solvents, activators,
fillers, antioxidants, tackifiers, and substarts in rubber mixtures. The mixture of
natural rubber (SIR-10) and epoxidized natural rubber (KAE) was then mixed until
homogeneous and left to stand. Next, the mixture is poured onto the PET film
substrate and then dried at room temperature. Then the mixture was heated using an
oven at 80℃ for 30 minutes. Next, the mixture was characterized using a peel test.
The peel test results showed that the optimum mixture occurred at a variation of 2.5
phr benzoyl peroxide, namely 47,264 N/m. The optimum results from the peel test
will then be carried out for characterization tests using the SEM test, XRD test and
wettability test. Morphological analysis using SEM shows that the optimum
composition on the surface displays better adhesion by forming a homogeneous
phase. XRD analysis shows that cross-linking has occurred with a degree of
crystallinity of 96% and has stable peaks of 31.822°, 32.741° and 36.294°.
Wettability analysis shows that the optimum composition is at a water contact angle
of 73° which produces neutrally wet properties which display high wettability where
the liquid wets the surface well.78 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Analisa Kesadahan Dari Air Baku Dan Air Reservoir Sungai Belawan dengan Metode Titrimetri Menggunakan Digital Titrator di PDAM Tirtanadi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Sunggal
No full textHardness is the nature of water caused by the presence of ions or divalent metal
cations. One of the main causes of hardness cations are Ca2 +. Calcium in water tend to
form salts with carbonate or bicarbonate. When heated bicarbonate into carbonate small
fruiting solubility values. That is why the hardness of the water by bicarbonate / carbonated
can be removed by heating. From the results of tests that have been carried out on samples
of raw water and the water reservoir in PDAM IPA Tirtanadi Sunggal hardness values
obtained are significant and still be within the range of water suitable for consumption and
greatly meet the quality standards set by Permenkes No. 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 so it is not necessary addition of chemicals to eliminate hardness that can cause corrosion and
scale on the pipe because the hardness value obtained was in the optimum range.46 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
Pengikatan Pemlastis Asam Lemak Jenuh dan Tak Jenuh dalam Matriks Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
No full textFree fatty acid, of palm kernel oil especially the saturated one, may be used as a plasticizer for PVC resin. Mechanical test data showed the plasticity and elasticity level of PVC material plasticized with saturated fatty acid (-COOH) almost approach those of PVC material plastized with the ester derivative (-COOR). However FTIR data of the diffusion tests showed that free saturated fatty acid (-COOH) is not bound chemically with PVC structure. Whereas the unsaturated fatty acid was found chemically bound into the PVC structure whice, may be seen from FTIR data of the diffusion test. Mechanical test data indicate the level of the plasticity and elasticity of the PVC plastized with free unsaturated fatty acid (>C =CC = Cplasticizer for PVC resin need to be developed.Asam lemak bebas, khususnya yang jenuh dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pemlastis untuk resin PVC. Atau uji mekanik menunjukkan tingkat keliatan dan kemuluran bahan PVC setelah diberi pemlastis asam lemak jenuh (-COOH) hampir mendekati tingkat keliatan dan kemuluran bahan PVC setelah diberi bahan pemlastis turunan ester (-COOR). Tetapi data FT-IR dari hasil uji difusi menunjukkan bahwa asam lemak bebas yang jenuh (-COOH) tidak terikat secara kimia dengan resin PVC, melainkan hanya mengalami interaksi secara fisis dengan resin PVC. Sedangkan asam lemak bebas tak jenuh (>C =CC = CC = C<) sebagai bahan pemlastis untuk resin PVC perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut.93 HalamanTesis Magiste
Karakterisasi Sifat Mekanik, Morfologi dan Termal Polivinil Klorida Termodifikasi Metil Metakrilat dengan Bahan Pengisi Abu Sekam Padi
No full textEfforts to increase the heat resistance of materials that are often used in
electronic devices such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resin are needed to avoid PVC
from decomposing when burned. Materials such as rice husk ash which are known to
contain silicate compounds can be used as fillers which function not only as
reinforcement, but also as thermal stabilizers. Meanwhile, to improve the
compatibility of fillers in the polymer matrix, modifications are generally made with
reactive monomers. In this study, PVC resin modified by reactive monomer methyl
methacrylate with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator was carried out by reflux
method in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. Optimum conditions are obtained by
varying the composition of the filler. Then, the characterization of the composite
plastic films which included tensile strength tests, SEM, TGA and FTIR. The best
results were composite plastic films with the addition of rice husk ash 50 php with a
tensile strength value of 4.41 MPa, a stretch value of 10.55% and a Young's modulus
value of 0.42 MPa. The results of the SEM morphological analysis showed that PVC- g-MMA with the addition of rice husk ash as filler caused some roughness on the
surface and also the presence of relatively small pores due to the homogeneous
distribution of the filler which indicated compatibility between matrices. and fillers.
The results of the TGA thermal analysis showed that PVC-g-MMA without the
addition of filler as a whole have a weight reduction of 86.96%, and PVC-g-MMA
with the addition of rice husk ash as a filler as a whole have weight reduction of
69.92%. This shows that the sample with the addition of rice husk ash as filler has
better thermal stability properties72 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
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