2,046 research outputs found
Practical Equality: Discussion with Author Robert L. Tsai
No full textProfessor Timothy Zick discusses a new book titled Practical Equality: Forging Justice in a Divided Nation, with its author, Professor Robert L. Tsai of American University Washington College of Law. Timothy Zick is the John Marshall Professor of Government and Citizenship at William & Mary Law School. His scholarship has explored a wide variety of constitutional issues, with a special focus on the First Amendment. Robert L. Tsai is Professor of Law at American University and a prize-winning essayist in constitutional law and history. Recorded before a live audience at William & Mary Law School on March 14, 2019. The event was sponsored by the American Constitution Society. Professor Tsai was also a panelist during the annual Bill of Rights Journal Symposium on March 15 & 16, 2019
(18(2):51-58)STUDIES ON ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PAPAYA ANTHRACNOSE AND ITS CONTROL
No full text1.木瓜炭疽病為木瓜果實最重要之病害，影響品質，外觀甚巨。
2.本病為潛伏感染，當果實未成熟時，病原菌已經潛伏，但並不顯出病徵，直至果實成熟時，才顯出水浸狀，圓形向下凹之病斑，病斑表面產生粉紅色同心輪紋之孢子。
3.從木瓜植株各部份均可分離出病原菌，但以成熟果，未成熟，幼果果梗最多，莖葉、葉柄亦可分離得到。
4.本病最適發生溫度在25o~30℃，濕度越高越易發生，全年均可發生。
5.收穫後的果實以溫水45 o~49℃經10分鐘處理可抑制病斑之擴大，即可將潛伏果肉內之菌絲致死，在田間以 Orthocide . Piomycin. Dithane M45可以防治之。
1. Papaya anthroanose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the most important fruit-rotting diseases,which affected the appearance and quality of papaya fruits greatly.
2. The disease was called “latent infection”, because infection took place in immature fruit, and remained dormant in the fruit. When the fruit ripened, it formed small, water-soaked spots which gradually enlarge into circular sunken lesions. In these lesions produced concentric rings of pink spore masses.
3. Anthracnose fungus was isolated from papaya plant and various growing stages of papaya fruit. Among them, more anthracnose fungus was isolated from ripened fruit, immature fruit, early setting fruit and stem of fruit, whereas less anthrcanose fungus was isolated from stem, leaf and petiole.
4. The disease occurred arround the year, the optimum temperature for this disease was foand 25-30°C. As regard to moisture, the higher the moisture, the severer the disease.
5. The lesions on the fruits stopped growing when papaya fruits were tested with hot- water of 45-49°C. Some fungicides, such as Orthocide, Piomycin and Dithane M45 were found to be rather effective for the control of this disease
937(1):86-90)Estimation of Rice Yield Losses Caused by Panicle Blast Disease
No full text稻穗受稻熱病菌（Pyricularia oryzae）為害引起之產量損失，依稻穗受害程度分為0（穗軸上有病斑，但稻穗未受害），1/3（稻穗1/3以上受害），1/2（稻穗1/2以上受害），2/3（稻穗2/3以上受害）及1（稻穗整穗受害）等不同等級時，在民國75年及76年第一期作分別在臺南縣白河鎮及嘉義分所試驗田以水稻品種臺農67號及臺農70號在早植期、中植期及晚植期之單穗穀重估計穗稻熱病引起之產量損失率（％）可以下式求得。產量損失率（％）＝5n1（整穗受害之穗數）＋3n2（稻穗2/3以上受害之穗數）+ 2n3（稻穗1/2以上受害之穗數）+ 1n4（稻穗1/3以上受害之穗數）十0n5（稻穗穗軸上有病斑，但稻穗未受害之穗數）十0n6 ( 健康之穗數）/ 6N（調查總穗數）。穗稻熱病不同發病等級和產量損失率之關係為Ŷ＝－5.11＋84.56X。
Yield losses of rice panicles caused by Pyricularia oryzae was studied. Rice cultivars of Tainung 67 and Tainung 70 were cultivated during the first crop of both 1986 and 1987 at Pai-ho and Chia-yi experimental fields, respectively, under early, intermediate and late transplanting stages. The disease severity of the panicles infected by blast disease based on the grains damaged were divided into five degrees: 0 (panicle neck with necrotic lesions but rice grains without damage, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 1 (more than 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and total of the panicles were damaged). From the grain weight ratio under various disease severity on both cultivars at different transplanting stages and different locations, it indicated that the percentage of yield losses could be calculated by the following formula. Percentage of yield losses (%) =5n1 (number of panicles with all the panicle damaged) +3n2 (number of the panicles with more than 2/3 of the panicle was damaged) +2n3 (number of the panicles with more than 1/2 of the panicle was damaged ) +1n4 (number of the panicles with more than 1/3 of the panicle was damaged) +0n5 (number of the panicles with necrotic lesions but rice grains without damage) + 0n6 ( number of panicles healthy)/6N (total panicles investigated). The relationships between percentage of yield loss and disease scale of panicle blast was Ŷ= -5.11+84.56X
(23(3):188-194)水稻在不同接種時期對紋桔病之產量損失估計
No full textYield losses in IR 833-6-2-14 (an early maturing variety) clue to sheath blight were studied at six stages of inoculation. A reduction in yield was 7.95, 7.15, 6.05, 10.78, 11.73, and 1.85% at 15, 30, 45, 60 days after seeding, at booting stage, and milk stage, respectively. The yield and yield loss were compatible with disease index at 15, 30, 45, 60 days after seeding and at booting stage. The reduction in yield was highly significant.
本報告為水稻品種IR 833-6-2-1-1（早熟品種）在六個不同接種時期對紋枯病的產量損失估計之研究，水稻在移植後15天，30天，45天，60天，孕穗期及乳熟期接種的減產各為7.95, 7.15, 6.05, 10.78, 11.73及1.85%，其產量、產量損失與發病率的關係，除乳熟期接種者外，其餘在移植後15天，30天，45天，60天及孕穗期接種者均頗一致。水稻由紋枯病而引起的產量損失為極顯著
(40(4):459-471)Occurrence of corn rust disease and meteorological factors
No full text玉米銹病病勢進展多呈開口向下之二次方曲線，但發病較嚴重時則呈一次方直線。分析銹病和氣象因子之單相關時顯示春作玉米南方型銹病發病前7天之溫度24.1～28.0°C及28.1～32.0°C相關最大，秋作玉米則和8-14天前之溫度20.1～24.0°C，24.1～28.0°C及28.1～32.0。C之相關最大。分析病斑面積率增加和氣象因子之關係得到8個方程式，侵染速率和氣象因子之關係得到11個方程式。這些方程式均得自民國79年嘉義地區秋作玉米，經以不同年代、不同地點之氣象代入方程式得到預測值，預測值與實測值比較甚為接近，可供為預測病斑面積率及侵染速率之用。Disease development of corn rust showed quadratic regression curve equations in general, but it showed linear equations when the disease was serious. By analyzing the single correlation of rust and meteorolgical factors, it indicated that the most important factdrs were tempetature 24.1~28.0°C and 28.1-32.0°C seven days before disease occurrence during spring crop, and 20.1-24.0°C、4.1-28.0°C、28.1-32.0°C 8-14 days before disease occurrence during fall crop. By analyzing the relationship between increasing infected leaf area percentage and meteorological factors, 8 equations were obtained, while 11 equations were obtained from the relationship between infection rate and meteorological factors. Those equations were derived from fall crop of 1990 at Chia-yi area.
The predicted values from those equations obtained were very close to the observed values, therefore, it is suggested that those equations might be used for predicting rust disease of corn
(36(3):311-316)Inoculation of Downy Mildew on Cucurbits under Laboratory Conditions
No full text於試驗室內利用瓜類之摘葉培養瓜類露菌病菌(Pscudopenospora cubensis)，由於摘葉之葉柄可以生出鬚根，吸收水分，延長摘葉之保鮮時間，使病原菌保存在摘葉一個月以上。一般在胡瓜摘葉後7-9天，洋香瓜7-13天即可生出鬚根。瓜類露菌病菌在15℃，2O℃及25℃接種於瓜類葉片4-5天後即可產生病斑，而5-6天後即可產胞。瓜類葉片正背兩面在產生病斑及產胞上無差異。病原菌胞子囊發芽以10℃及 15℃最適，在6小時後發芽率達95.18%及97.52%，高溫時發芽率降低。胞子囊釋放游走子之數目以7個最多，3個及11個者最少，平均為6.7個。室內瓜類露菌病之接種步驟可參考本文圖2方法行之。
Inoculation of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) on detached leaves of cucurbits were studied. Due to the root formation on the petioles of the detached leaves to absorb water, the detached leaves prolonged the fresh period in the petri dishes. Hence, the pathogen could be maintained on the detached leaves over one month. In general, root formation on the detached leaves was, observed 7-9 days on cucumis sativus L. and 7-13 days on cucumis melo L. The lesion formed at 4-5 days and sporulation at 5-6 days after seperated inoculation under 15, 20 and 25℃. No difference was observed on lesion formation and sporulation on both upper and lower leaf surfaces Lesion formation and sporulation were observed 4-5 days and 5-6 days after inoculation, respectively. The optimum temperature for sporangium germination were observed at 10℃ and 15C after 6 hours of incubation, the percentage of germination were 95.18 % and 97.52%, respectively. Germination decreased at higher temperature. Most sporangium produced seven zoospores with an average number of 6.7, a few sporangia produced 3 or 11 zoospores. The procedures for inoculation of downy mildew on cucurbits under laboratory conditions are shown on Fig.2
(19(3):48-51)STUDIES ON THE RELAIONS BETWEEN WEEDS AND RICE DISEASES
No full text水稻紋枯病在雜草上之寄主，據本試驗結果，已有20種之多，其中以禾本科及莎草科最重要，其他有非禾本科之雜草，亦為本病之媒介寄主。
以雜草上所形成之紋枯病核或病組織接種在水稻植株，均可使水稻致病，以水稻稻藁上形成之菌核接種在雜草上亦可使雜草致病，故紋枯病可由水稻傳到雜草，再由雜草傳到水稻。
In this experiment it wan found that the host range of rice sheath blight fungus on weeds including 11 families 20 species. Among them, Gramineae and Cyperaceae were the most important ones.
The sclerotia or diseased tissues obtained from weeds produced typical symptoms of rice sheath blight on rice plants, whereas those sclerotia from rice straw developed typical sheath blight symptoms on Gramineae or diseased lesions on other weeds when inoculation was made. These results clearly demonstrated that the pathogen of rice sheath blight can disseminate from rice plants to weeds and vice versa
Studies on the relationship of disease severity of yield and yield loss of rice sheath blight disease
No full text水稻臺南5號及臺中在來1號因紋枯病為害之產量及產量捐失分為發病程度A.B.C及D四級，A為接種後不施藥，使病斑達到劍葉，B為接種後病斑選第四葉鞘（由下向上算）時，即以殺菌幫噴射，C為接後病斑達第二葉鞘時，即以殺菌劑噴射，D為對照區，不接種，且以殺菌劑噴射。臺南5號在第一期作A.B.C及D處理下，其產量每公頃各4000.0, 5466.7, 6433.3及7033.3公斤，其相對損失為43.0, 22.3, 9.0及0%，第二期作A.B.C及D處理下，其產量每公頃各為3866.7, 4746.7, 5093.3及5680.0公斤，其相對損失為31.9, 16.3, 10.1及0%。臺中在來1號在第一期作A.B.C及D處理下，其產量各為4400.0, 4500.0, 6033.3及6566.7公斤，其相對損失為32.9, 27.5, 8.5及0%，第二期作A.B.C及D處理下，其產量每公頃各為5111.1, 6153.8, 6478.6及6931.6公斤，相對損失為26.2, 11.3, 6.6及0%。臺南5號之被害度與產量之相關關係，第一期作Y=6984.54-33.46X (r=-0.9967),第二期作Y=5751.93-21.28X (r=-0.9943)，臺中在來1號之被害度與產量之相關關係，第一期作Y=7001.33-25.39X (r=-0.9538)，第二期作為Y=7030.18-19.39X (r=-0.9 916)
(37(2):207-210)Estimation of rice yield losses caused by leaf blast disease
No full text民國七十二年第一期作水稻品種臺農67號在葉稻熱病病斑面積率5、11、25、55及80％下，在嘉義分所之產量損失率分別為0.47、4.26、21.40、54.19及81.91％，在白河之產量損失率各為1.35、4.38、23.18、54.01及82.50％。臺南5號在不同病斑面積率下其產量損失率在嘉義分所為0.46、4.22、19.68、50.53及80.93％，在白河各為0.81、4.07、20.16、53.71及81.60％。民國七十六年第一期作在嘉義分所臺農67號在不同病斑面積率下其產量損失率各為0.32、3.42、19.08、46.98及79.40％，品種臺農70號分別為0.44、4.35、22.65、44.53及81.68％。民國七十二年第一期作產量損失率與病斑面積率之關係水稻品種臺農67號及臺南5號分別為Ŷ＝－5.89+1.09X及Ŷ＝－6.65+1.08X。民國七十六年第一期作臺農67號及臺農70號各為Ŷ＝－3.82+1.00X及Ŷ＝－3.43+1.00X。
During the first crop of 1983, yield losses of rice cultivar Tainung 67 caused by leaf blast disease (Pyricularia oryzae) under various diseased leaf area 5, 11, 25, 55 and 80% were 0.47, 4.26, 21.40, 54.19 and 81.91% at Chia-yi station and 1.35, 4.38, 23.18, 54.01 and 82.50% at Pai-ho, respectively. While cultivar Tainan 5 got 0.46, 4.22, 19.68, 50.53 and 80.93% of yield losses at Chia-yi station, as well as 0.81, 4.07, 20.16, 53.71 and 81.60% of yield losses at Pai-ho, individually.
The results in the first crop of 1987 showed that rice cultivar Tainung 67 caused 0.32, 3.42, 19.08, 46.98 and 79.40% of yield losses and Tainung 70 caused 0.44, 4.35, 22.65, 44.53 and 81.68% of yield losses at Chia-yi station under different diseased leaf area.
The correlation between percentage of yield loss and diseased leaf area both on Tainung 67 and Tainan 5 was Ŷ =－5.89+1.09X and Ŷ =－6.65+1.08X, respectively, during the first crop of 1983. On the other hand, the correlation was Ŷ = －3.82+1.00X and Ŷ =－3.43+1.00X both on Tainung 67 and Tainung 70 derived from the first crop of 1987
(19(1):57-63)木瓜腰折病之研究
No full textAmong the varieties of papaya plants to damping-off indicated that the variety of “Line 1” Solo is the most susceptible to this disease, the percentage of its infestation reached about 26.6%. Some new varieties of papaya plants introduced were Costa Rica and A4 (H. P.) which have been proven to be the most resistant to this disease. The percentage of its infestation ranged from 2.3 to 4.7% in these varieties.
Up to now, the “Solo 1” variety is widely cultivated in southern Taiwan. The damage of this variety frequently causes heavily injury under favorable conditions. The damping-off is rapidly developed in the seedling stage, particularly in raining season, because the weather frequently changes high humidity at fine days and the temperature is constantly very high. However, the disease is chiefly affected by rainy days and temperature.
The fungi were isolated from the diseased tissues of various papaya in the seedbeds and orchards, when five kinds of fungi have been found to be Fusarium spp., Rhizopus spp., Rhizoctionia sp., Phytophthora spp., and Pythium sp., among which the Fusarium spp., and the Rhizoctonia sp. are more important than other ones.
在所觀察的木瓜品種中，以蘇魯1號最易感病，其發病率達26.6％，一些引進品種以Costa Rica及A4 (H. P.) 最抗病，其發病率為2.3及4.7％。
目前蘇魯1號為臺灣南部栽培最廣的品種，但在高溫、高濕的雨季，常遭致腰折病為害。由試驗結果得知，本病與高溫，下雨日數及雨量有密切關係。
從病組織分離得的病原菌，以Fusarium spp.最多，其次為Rhizopus spp.及Rhizoctonia sp. Phytophthora spp.及Pythium sp.最少，由另一試驗得知，Rhixoctonia sp.為木瓜腰折病一種重要的病原菌
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