1,721,368 research outputs found
John W. Cahn, National Medal of Science
No full textBrief profile of John W. Cahn, 1998 National Medal of Science Winne
Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic review
No full textAdult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition associated with high disability and frequent comorbidity. Current standard pharmacotherapy (methylphenidate and atomoxetine) improves ADHD symptoms in the short-term, but poor data were published about long-term treatment. In addition a number of patients present partial or no response to methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Research into the main database sources has been conducted to obtain an overview of alternative pharmacological approaches in adult ADHD patients. Among alternative compounds, amphetamines (mixed amphetamine salts and lisdexamfetamine) have the most robust evidence of efficacy, but they may be associated with serious side effects (e.g. psychotic symptoms or hypertension). Antidepressants, particularly those acting as noradrenaline or dopamine enhancers, have evidence of efficacy, but they should be avoided in patients with comorbid bipolar disorder. Finally metadoxine and lithium may be particularly suitable in case of comorbid alcohol misuse or bipolar disorder
General and social cognition in remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients : a comparative study.
No full textThe aim of this paper was to investigate whether both neurocognitive and social cognitive performances were different between remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients, non-remitters and healthy controls (HC). We assessed social cognition (Degraded Facial Affect Recognition Task-DFAR and Emotional Mentalizing Task-EMT) and neurocognition (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Word Learning Test-WLT) in 174 remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients, 110 non-remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients and 320 HC. Multivariate analyses of variance with age, gender and IQ as covariates (MANCOVA) were performed to compare mean cognitive test scores between the three groups. Remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse than HC only in one verbal memory task (WLT immediate recall; p = 0.004); in the same test, they were significantly better than non-remitters (p = 0.027). Non-remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients, differently from remitters, performed significantly worse than HC in terms of social cognition (EMT-p < 0.05 and DFAR-p < 0.05). Remitted first-episode schizophrenia patients presented worse cognitive performance than HC in verbal memory tasks, but not in facial affect recognition and in ToM, while non-remitters did; these results suggest that neurocognitive deficits are the core hallmark of schizophrenia and that social cognition is relatively unaffected in remitted patients after their first episod
Haloperidol versus second-generation antipsychotics in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia
No full textOBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare antipsychotic monotherapies in terms of time to discontinuation in a sample of schizophrenia patients followed-up for 36 months.
METHODS: Two hundred and twenty schizophrenia patients, treated with antipsychotic monotherapy and followed-up in psychiatric outpatient clinics of Universities of Milan and Utrecht were included in the study. A survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier) of the 36-month follow-up period was performed to compare the single treatment groups. End-point was considered as discontinuation of treatment for recurrence, side effects or non-compliance.
RESULTS: Patients treated with haloperidol discontinued more than the other groups (Breslow: risperidone p < 0.001, olanzapine p < 0.001, quetiapine p = 0.002, clozapine p < 0.001, aripiprazole p = 0.002). Lack of efficacy (recurrence) was a more frequent reason for discontinuation in the haloperidol group than in the olanzapine group (p < 0.05). Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) were more frequent in the haloperidol group than with olanzapine (p < 0.05). The olanzapine group presented more frequently weight gain than the other groups, without reaching statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with atypical antipsychotics appear to continue pharmacotherapy longer than patients treated with haloperidol. In addition, atypical antipsychotics seem to be more protective against recurrences than haloperidol. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted in the light of potential confounder factors such as duration of illness
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
John W. Cahn
No full textJOHN W. CAHN
Inducted: 2007
Citation:
For the application of thermodynamic, crystallographic and kinetic principles to a wide range of materials-science problems in metals and ceramics including: solidification, solid state phase transformations, stress effects, capillary phenomena and the paradigm-breaking discovery of quasicrystals, metallic phases with long range orientational order but no translational symmetry.
Tenure: 1977-2006
Birth: 1928, Cologne, Germany
Education:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, BS (Chemistry), 1949
University of California, Berkeley, PhD (Physical Chemistry), 1953
Positions held:
Scientist, Center for Materials Science, 1977 - 1984
Senior NIST Fellow (Metallurgist), Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, 1984 - 2006
NIST Scientist Emeritus, 2006-
Honors:
Bower Prize, Franklin Institute (2002)
Emil Heyn Medal, German Metallurgical Society (2001)
National Medal of Science (1999)
Bakhuis Roozeboom Lecturer and Gold Medal, Netherlands Academy of Science (1999)
Member, National Academy of Engineering (1998)
Harvey Prize, Israel Institute of Technology (1995)
Rockwell Medal; Hall of Fame for Engineering, Science and Technology (1994)
Michelson and Morley Prize, Case-Western University (1991)
Stratton Award, National Bureau of Standards (1986)
US Department of Commerce Gold Medal, (1984)
Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (1981)
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974)
Member, National Academy of Sciences (1973)
Honorary doctorates from Northwestern University and Evry University
Memberships:
Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
Fellow, Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society, and American Society for Metals, International
Publications:
Approximately 250 publications:
Cahn, J.W., "Thermodynamics of Solid and Fluid Surfaces," in Segregation to Interfaces, ASM Seminar Series, 3-23, (1978).
Allen, S.M. and Cahn, J.W., "A Microscopic Theory for Antiphase Boundary Motion and Its Application to Antiphase Domain Coarsening," Acta Metallurgica 27, 1085-1095 (1979).
Kikuchi, R. and Cahn, J.W., "Theory of Interphase and Antiphase Boundaries in FCC Alloys," Acta Metallurgica 27, 1337 (1979).
Moldover, M.R. and Cahn, J.W., “Interface Phase-Transition - Complete to Partial Wetting,” Science 207 (4435): 1073-1075 (1980).
Shechtman, D., Blech, I., Gratias, D., and Cahn, J.W., “Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry,” Physical Review Letters 53 (20): 1951-1953 (1984).
Larche, F.C. and Cahn, J.W., “The Interactions of Composition and Stress in Crystalline Solids,” Acta Metallurgica 33 (3): 331-357 (1985)
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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