80 research outputs found
La Großraumwirtschaft e l’Unione Europea dei Pagamenti: continuità nella cultura economica tedesca a cavallo del 1945
No full textIn the first part, the article compares two international payment systems: the Central Clearing established by Nazi Germany during the Second World War in occupied Europe (the so called European Greater Space); and the European Payments Union (EPU), set up by the OEEC countries in 1950. Although political differences between the two international payment systems are predominant, the author highlights some economic analogies. On the basis of this comparison, the second part of the articles discusses the debate on the creation of EPU within the German economic administration. As a result, personal and conceptual continuities emerge between the discussion of 1940 on the Greater Economic Space and the 1950-52 debate over the EPU
Una breve riflessione sul ruolo del principio del contraddittorio nella vigilanza nel mercato finanziario globale
No full textNel nuovo contesto della vigilanza l’attenzione per le garanzie procedurali, e quindi in primo luogo per il principio del contraddittorio, appare recessiva rispetto allo svolgimento dell’attività stessa. Nondimeno l’attribuzione alla Consob di poteri assimilabili a quelli dell’autorità inquirente, ma senza le garanzie previste in ambito penale, rafforza l’idea di una trasformazione del modello regolativo-giustiziale in un modello regolativo-inquirente, in cui il procedimento
sanzionatorio ed i poteri funzionali allo svolgimento dello stesso appaiono sbilanciati a favore dell’Autorità
“No German Must Starve”: The Germans and the Soviet Famines of 1931–1933
No full textThis article centers on the German perception of the Great Soviet Famines of 1931–1933, with a focus on Soviet Ukraine in particular. The first part explores the channels through which information from the Soviet Union detailing the Famine reached the Germans and the attempts by different Reich institutions to control the spread of knowledge in German society about this human tragedy. Against this framework the article details the policy enacted by different organizations to provide relief to the starving Germans, both ethnic Germans and German citizens, who were living in the USSR. In the second part, the article deals with the patterns of perception that shaped the German view of the Famine. The author thus provides invaluable insight into the Reich’s policy towards Soviet Ukraine, and more broadly into the perception of the Famine among well-informed Germans of the 1930s
“No German Must Starve”: The Germans and the Soviet Famines of 1931–1933
No full textThis article centers on the German perception of the Great Soviet Famines of 1931–1933, with a focus on Soviet Ukraine in particular. The first part explores the channels through which information from the Soviet Union detailing the Famine reached the Germans and the attempts by different Reich institutions to control the spread of knowledge in German society about this human tragedy. Against this framework the article details the policy enacted by different organizations to provide relief to the starving Germans, both ethnic Germans and German citizens, who were living in the USSR. In the second part, the article deals with the patterns of perception that shaped the German view of the Famine. The author thus provides invaluable insight into the Reich’s policy towards Soviet Ukraine, and more broadly into the perception of the Famine among well-informed Germans of the 1930s
Localization of Phr1p in Candida albicans
No full textPHR1 is a pH-regulated gene belonging to a family of five genes of Candida albicans. PHR1 expression is triggered at pH values of the growth medium > 5.5. Loss of PHR1 induces morphological defects, inability to support hyphal growth and reduced virulence in animal mouse models of infection. Phr1p is endowed of a beta(1,3)-glucan elongase activity similarly to Gas1p of S.cerevisiae and Gel1-Gel2 proteins of A. fumigatus. In order to explore the function of Phr1p in Candida albicans morphogenesis we obtained a GFP fusion to determine its cellular localization. During growth in yeast form Phr1p-GFP was predominantly detected at discrete sites of the plasma membrane. Moreover Phr1p-GFP was recovered in the Detergent Resistant Membranes indicating its association with the lipid rafts as already described for wild type Phr1p.
Next we examined the localization of Phr1p during hyphal growth. Phr1p-GFP was detected at 30 min after a shift of stationary phase cells to condition of induction of hyphal growth. At this time point the fluorescence of Phr1-GFP was very bright and restricted at the tip of the germ tubes. Phr1p remained highly polarized at the apex of the hyphae as the hyphae grew. The protein also gradually distributed along the lateral cell wall as the hyphae elongated. A study of colocalization with chitin indicated that Phr1p is more abundant at the apex where chitin is less abundant. The results suggest that Phr1p is required at the site of maximal growth probably for the incorporation of new beta(1,3)-glucan in the expanding cell wall but is also retained along the hyphae where the cell wall becomes more cross-linked and resistant. Phr1p also showed an additional localization: it was detected along the septum region in vegetative growing cells and as a thin line in the septa of the hyphae indicating a potential role of the protein also at these sites.
Acknowledgement: this work was supported by RTN project Cantrain N. 51248 to LP
Erhart Kästner’s Travel Accounts and Nazi Perceptions of Greece
No full textThis essay examines the work of the German writer Erhart Kästner, the author of a number of travel accounts on Greece published during the Second World War. Commissioned by the Wehrmacht, Kästner’s books were intended to provide German soldiers with knowledge about the country they were occupying and to serve as leisure reading. The essay focuses on Kästner ́s accounts, using them as a lens through which to examine how National Socialism's racial stereotyping of Greece was appropriated by the rank and file of the German army, shaping their perception of the country. On the other hand, it also investigates how a repertoire of stereotypes, deeply rooted in German and, more generally, Western culture, fed into the Nazis' ideological view of Greece during the occupation
The PHR Family: The Role of Extracellular Transglycosylases in Shaping Candida albicans Cells
No full textCandida albicans is an opportunistic microorganism that can become a pathogen causing mild superficial mycosis or more severe invasive infections that can be life-threatening for debilitated patients. In the etiology of invasive infections, key factors are the adaptability of C. albicans to the different niches of the human body and the transition from a yeast form to hypha. Hyphal morphology confers high adhesiveness to the host cells, as well as the ability to penetrate into organs. The cell wall plays a crucial role in the morphological changes C. albicans undergoes in response to specific environmental cues. Among the different categories of enzymes involved in the formation of the fungal cell wall, the GH72 family of transglycosylases plays an important assembly role. These enzymes cut and religate β-(1,3)-glucan, the major determinant of cell shape. In C. albicans, the PHR family encodes GH72 enzymes, some of which work in specific environmental conditions. In this review, we will summarize the work from the initial discovery of PHR genes to the study of the pH-dependent expression of PHR1 and PHR2, from the characterization of the gene products to the recent findings concerning the stress response generated by the lack of GH72 activity in C. albicans hyphae
Molecular approaches to identify novel targets for future development of antifungal agents
No full textA genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the response to hyphal wall stress in Candida albicans
No full textPHR1, a pH-regulated gene of Candida albicans encoding a glucan-remodelling enzyme, is required for adhesion and invasion
No full textThe fungal cell wall plays a crucial role in host pathogen interactions Its formation is the result of the coordinated activity of several extracellular enzymes, which assemble the constituents, and remodel and hydrolyse them in the extracellular space Candida albicans Phr1 and Phr2 proteins belong to family GH72 of the beta-(1,3)-glucanosyltransferases and play a crucial role in cell wall assembly. PHR1 and PHR2, homologues of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAS1, are differently regulated by extracellular pH PHR1 is expressed when ambient pH is 5 5 or higher, whereas PHR2 has the reverse expression pattern. Their deletion causes a pH-conditional defect in morphogenesis and virulence In this work we explored whether PHR1 deletion affects the ability of C albicans to adhere to and invade human epithelia PHR1 null mutants exhibited a marked reduction in adhesion to both abiotic surfaces and epithelial cell monolayers. In addition, the mutant was unable to penetrate and invade reconstituted human epithelia. Transcription profiling of selected hyphal-specific and adhesin-encoding genes indicated that in the PHR1 null mutant, HWP1 and ECE1 transcript levels were similarly reduced in both adhesion and suspension conditions These results, combined with microscopy analysis of the septum position, suggest that PHR1 is not required for the induction of hyphal development but plays a key role in the maintenance of hyphal growth Thus, the beta-(1,3)-glucan processing catalysed by Phr1p is of fundamental importance in the maintenance of the morphological state on which the adhesive and invasive properties of C albicans greatly depen
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