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Modificazioni comportamentali del cervo (Cervus elaphus) in risposta alla presenza di bovini in alpeggio
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Effect of dairy cattle husbandry on behavioural patterns of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps
No full textThe present study aimed to investigate in the field the effect of the presence of cattle on red deer behavioural patterns, in order to provide information that could be used to improve land management strategies. The research was carried out in a summer range at 1500 metres a.s.l. in the Italian Central Alps. Observations were conducted at dawn and at dusk from June to September for four consecutive years. Using a focal animal sampling technique, 179 focal observations were made on deer for 10 minutes each.
On the summer range, overall deer spent most of their time feeding (52.86% of time) and moving (24.95% of time), showing that the study site was used principally as a feeding area. The proportion of time dedicated to resting and comfort behaviours (lying, ruminating and self-grooming) was very low. The general presence of cattle on the summer range did not affect most behavioural patterns of deer, except for the percentage of time spent alert, which was higher in the presence of cattle (P < 0.05). Deer observed in the same square grid unit (6.25 hectare) with cattle spent more time standing (P < 0.01), moving (P < 0.001) and alert (P < 0.05) and less time feeding (P < 0.001) than deer further away from cattle. The time spent performing resting and comfort behaviours was higher when deer were far from cattle, although these differences were not statistically significant. Despite this, when cattle were present on the summer range, about one third of the deer were observed close to them. Independently from the contingent presence or absence of cattle or from their proximity, deer spent more time feeding (P < 0.001) and less time moving (P < 0.001) and standing (P < 0.001) in areas subjected to higher cattle grazing pressure (with an index of presence of cattle higher than 0.5 animals/hour/hectare), suggesting that these areas were preferred for feeding activity, probably due the fact that cattle grazing helps to improve the quality of the pasture. Only six "aggressive" interactions without physical contact and one "play" interaction were recorded between deer and cattle over the whole study period. Deer were never observed to win an interaction with cattle, possibly due to their smaller body size. Despite modifications to red deer behaviour in response to cattle proximity, the general disturbance produced by cattle is limited and their presence may be tolerated by deer
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Valutazione dell'impatto di attività zootecniche estensive sul territorio e sugli ungulati selvatici autoctoni
No full textVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Primi risultati di un'esperienza di controllo centralizzato su ungulati abbattuti in un settore di caccia alpino
No full textEcology and behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in an alpine valley
No full textThe present study was undertaken in order to examine environmental preferences and social aggregations of red deer in an alpine valley. From March 1994 to February 1995, 72 hours of observations were carried out at dawn and at dusk for two days/month from two different fixed sites. A certain degree of altitudinal and spatial overlapping with roe deer and chamois was observed. Males used the higher part of the valley more frequently than females Most of our results about group composition (sexual segregation, presence of isolated individuals) are in agreement with those reported by other authors in different environments. Nevertheless, in alpine environment red deer showed some differences as to group size and its seasonal variations compared to the results of studies carried out in different areas, underlining the importance of specific investigations in different environments
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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