1,720,957 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Interpretierbarkeit für neuronale Netze durch Primimplikanten
No full textIn this thesis we develop a framework for interpreting the decisions of highly nonlinear classifier functions with a focus on neural networks. Specifically, we formalise the idea of separating the input parameters into relevant and irrelevant ones as an explicit optimisation problem. First, we describe what is generally understood as a relevance map for classifiers and give an overview over the existing methods to produce such maps. We explain how we used relevance maps to detect artefacts in the PASCAL VOC dataset and track the focus of neural agents playing the Atari video games Breakout and Pinball on a human-like level.
Towards a formal definition of relevance maps, we generalise the concept of prime implicants from abductive logic to a probabilistic setting by introducing δ-relevant sets. For a d-ary Boolean function Φ : {0, 1}d → {0, 1} and an assignment to its variables x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xd ) we consider the problem of finding those subsets of the variables that are sufficient to determine the function output with a given probability δ. We show that the problem of finding small δ-relevant sets is NP-hard to approximate with a factor d1−α for α > 0. The associated decision problem turns out to be NPPP-complete.
We further generalise δ-relevant sets from the binary to the continuous domain. This leads naturally to a rate-distortion trade-off between the size of the δ-relevant set (rate) and the change in the classifier prediction (distortion). Relevance maps can then be interpreted as greedy approximations of the rate-distortion function. Evaluating this function even approximately turns out to be NP-hard, so we develop a heuristic solution strategy based convex relaxation of the combinatorial problem and assumed density filtering (ADF) for deep ReLU neural networks. This results in our own explanation method which we call Rate-Distortion Explanations (RDE).
To show that the approximations in ADF are necessary, we give a complete characterisation of families of probability distributions that are invariant under the action of ReLU neural network layers. We demonstrate that the only invariant families are either degenerate or amount to sampling. Subsequently, we propose and discuss several benchmark tests and numerical evaluation methods for relevance maps. We compare RDE to a representative collection of established relevance methods and demonstrate that it outperforms competitors for a wide range of tasks.
Finally, we discuss how the knowledge of the true data distribution is crucial for any existing explanation method. We criticise our own method over potential artefacts and introduce a stronger, information theoretical requirement based on the conditional entropy. A novel approach, called Arthur-Merlin-regularisation along with a new framework is developed. The framework is then extended to realistic algorithms and data sets, and we discuss under which assumptions the guarantees still hold.In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir ein Framework für die Interpretation der Entscheidungen hochgradig nichtlinearer Klassifizierungsfunktionen mit Schwerpunkt auf neuronalen Netzen. Insbesondere formalisieren wir die Idee der Trennung der Eingabeparameter in relevante und irrelevante Parameter als explizites Optimierungsproblem. Zunächst beschreiben wir, was man allgemein unter einer Relevanzkarte für Klassifikatoren versteht, und geben einen Überblick über die bestehenden Methoden zur Erstellung solcher Karten. Wir erläutern, wie wir Relevanzkarten verwendet haben, um Artefakte im PASCAL-VOC-Datensatz zu finden und um den Fokus neuronaler Agenten beim Spielen der Atari-Videospiele Breakout und Pinball auf einer menschenähnlichen Ebene zu verfolgen.
Auf dem Weg zu einer formalen Definition von Relevanzkarten verallgemeinern wir das Konzept der primären Implikanten aus der abduktiven Logik auf eine probabilistische Umgebung, indem wir δ-relevante Mengen einführen. Für eine d-äre boolesche Funktion Φ : {0, 1}d → {0, 1} und eine Zuordnung zu ihren Variablen x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xd ) betrachten wir das Problem, diejenigen Teilmengen der Variablen zu finden, die ausreichen, um die Funktionsausgabe mit einer gegebenen Wahrscheinlichkeit δ zu bestimmen. Wir zeigen, dass das Problem, kleine δ-relevante Mengen zu finden, NP-schwer mit einem Faktor d1−α für α > 0 zu approximieren ist. Das zugehörige Entscheidungsproblem erweist sich als NPPP-vollständig. Wir verallgemeinern ferner δ-relevante Mengen von der binären zur kontinuierlichen Domäne. Dies führt auf natürliche Art zu einem Raten-Verzerrungs-Kompromiss zwischen der Größe der δ-relevanten Menge (Rate) und der Veränderung der Klassifikation (Verzerrung).
Relevanzkarten können dann als gierige Approximationen der Raten-Verzerrungs-Funktion interpretiert werden. Diese Funktion auch nur approximativ zu evaluieren ist NP-schwer, daher entwickeln wir eine heuristische Lösungsstrategie, die auf einer konvexen Relaxation des kombinatorischen Problems und dem Assumed Density Filtering (ADF) für tiefe neuronale ReLU-Netze basiert. Dies führt zu unserer eigenen Erklärungsmethode, die wir Rate-Distortion Explanations (RDE) nennen. Um zu zeigen, dass die Näherungen in ADF notwendig sind, geben wir eine vollständige Charakterisierung von Familien von Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen an, die unter ReLU neuronalen Netzwerkschichten invariant sind. Wir zeigen, dass die einzigen invarianten Familien entweder degeneriert sind oder auf Stichproben hinauslaufen.
Anschließend schlagen wir mehrere Benchmark-Tests und numerische Bewertungsmethoden für Relevanzkarten vor und diskutieren sie. Wir vergleichen die RDE mit einer repräsentativen Auswahl etablierter Relevanzmethoden und zeigen, dass sie bei einer Vielzahl von Aufgaben besser abschneidet als die Konkurrenz. Schließlich erörtern wir, warum die Kenntnis der wahren Datenverteilung für jede bestehende Erklärungsmethode entscheidend ist. Wir kritisieren unseren eigenen Ansatz wegen möglicher Artefakte und führen eine stärkere informationstheoretische Anforderung ein, die auf der bedingten Entropie basiert. Es wird ein neuer Ansatz, die Arthur-Merlin-Regularisierung, zusammen mit einem neuen Framework entwickelt. Das Framework wird dann auf realistische Algorithmen und Datensätze ausgeweitet, und wir diskutieren, unter welchen Annahmen die Garantien noch gelten
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
