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Õiguslikud võimalused digitaalsete lahenduste kasutamiseks piiratud vastutusega äriühingu otsuste tegemisel
No full textVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneDoktoritöö teema ühendab modernse ühinguõiguse kaks olulist aspekti – esiteks osanike ja aktsionäride õigused ning teiseks ülemaailmse digitaliseerimissuundumuse. Aktsionäride ja osanike kesksed ja peamised õigused äriühingus on juhtimisõigused, mis hõlmavad muu hulgas õigust osaleda koosolekutel, saada teavet ja kasutada hääleõigust.
Kuigi Euroopa Liidu tasandil ja Eestis on koostatud ning vastu võetud erinevaid õigusakte, on digitaalsete vahendite kasutamine ühinguõiguses ning selle lisamine õigusaktidesse olnud keeruline. Autor on doktoritöös püstitanud kaks hüpoteesi. Esiteks, et kapitaliühingu jaoks on hetkel kehtivad koosolekute teadete saatmist reguleerivad õigusnormid liiga jäigad, ja teiseks, et Eesti ühinguõiguse kohaselt võib iga osanik või aktsionär kasutada oma õigust otsuste vastuvõtmiseks kas füüsiliselt või elektrooniliselt ning kõigile osanikele ja aktsionäridele tuleb tagada samad õigused, sõltumata nende osalemise viisist.
Doktoritöö eesmärk oli välja selgitada, milliseid nõudeid tuleb järgida osanike ja aktsionäride koosoleku elektroonilisel kokkukutsumisel ja läbiviimisel ning kas need nõuded võimaldavad tagada osanikele ja aktsionäridele koosolekul osalemisel ning hääletamisel samasugused õigused nagu tavakoosolekul. Töös jõutakse järeldusele, et virtuaalkoosolekule kehtestatud nõuded võimaldavad tagada osanikele ja aktsionäridele koosolekul osalemisel ning hääletamisel samasugused õigused nagu tavakoosolekul. Siiski on koosolekute teadete saatmist reguleerivad õigusnormid praegu liiga jäigad ega võimalda täielikult ära kasutada kaasaegseid tehnoloogilisi võimalusi. Igal juhul tuleb aga kõigile osanikele või aktsionäridele koosoleku kokkukutsumisel ja selle läbiviimisel tagada samasugused õigused, sõltumata osalemise viisist.The topic of the dissertation combines two important aspects of modern company law – shareholder rights and the global digitalisation trend. The central and main rights of a shareholder in limited liability company are managing rights, which encompass, among other, the right to participate in shareholders’ meetings, the right to receive information and the right to vote.
Although different legislation has been prepared and passed on the EU level and in Estonia, the use of digital tools and processes in company law and placing it in the legislation has been challenging. The author has set two hypotheses. First, the legal rules governing the sending of meeting notices are currently too rigid for limited liability company, and second, that every shareholder’s right to adopt resolutions can be exercised either physically or electronically, whereas the same rights must be guaranteed to all shareholders regardless of their manner of participation.
The objective of the dissertation is to examine which requirements must be met when convening and conducting a shareholders’ meeting electronically, and whether these requirements allow to ensure that shareholders have the same rights of participation and voting as in an ordinary meeting. The author has come to the conclusion that the requirements set for a virtual shareholders’ meeting allow to ensure the same rights to attend and vote at the meeting as the shareholders would have at a regular meeting. However, the legal rules governing the sending of meeting notices are currently too restricting and do not allow shareholders to fully take advantage of modern technological possibilities. Either way, all the same rights must be guaranteed to all shareholders when convening the meeting regardless of the manner of participation.https://www.ester.ee/record=b570667
Digital Opportunities for – and Legal Impediments to – Participation in a General Meeting of Shareholders
No full textIn conditions of a globalising economy, the practice of holding a meeting by electronic means of communication to arrange a company’s day-to-day economic activities is increasingly widespread. Physical participation in a general meeting may be impeded by various natural circumstances, such as the risk of spread of diseases or weather conditions adverse to travel. The same impediments and inconveniences can affect public limited companies, whose shareholders often are in different countries, such that physically attending a general meeting may prove to be excessively burdensome. Therefore, the question of holding general meetings in digital form has become one of the more prominent issues in company law. The article examines whether and to what extent Estonia and other countries (Germany first and foremost, as a country with a legal system similar to Estonia’s, but also the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) regulate holding of public limited companies’ general meetings by electronic means. The article also addresses the main legal problems connected with participation in a general meeting held in digital form
Osaniku ja aktsionäri hääletamiskohustus ning hääle asendamine kohtulahendiga
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Convening the General Meeting of Shareholders of a Limited Company: Estonian Law in a Digital Perspective
Get PDFIn today’s modern and digital society, electronic means of communication are used in all areas of life, including communication between shareholders of companies. The objective of this article is to determine whether – and if so which – modern-day electronic communication channels could be used by Estonian private and public limited companies for sending a notice of a general meeting, and also whether Estonian legislation is in accordance with the above-mentioned principles of the EU on this matter. To that end, the article begins with an analysis of the legal nature of a notice on convening a meeting and its communication. The article also analyses the requirements established in the Estonian legislation on convening a general meeting, comparing it with corresponding German and, to a lesser extent, British law. The hypothesis is that the applicable law in Estonia may currently impose unreasonable obstacles to the use of digital and flexible solutions for convening a meeting. Based on the analysis of the article, the main conclusion is that Estonian company law has not exercised all the possibilities for ensuring the use of flexible digital solutions regarding communication between a company and its shareholders, and therefore needs modernisation
Electronic Voting in Adopting Resolutions of Limited Companies: The Example of Estonian Law
Get PDFCC BY 4.0In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis that began in 2020, countries all over the world had to develop new solutions in legislation
to replace various traditionally physical operations with digital solutions. Estonia, with rules in the field of company law and in holding
shareholders’ meetings, was no exception. In May 2020, new regulation was introduced into Estonian law, allowing shareholders to
participate in meetings using digital means. Although electronic voting itself was already allowed under Estonian law before 2020, the new
situation raised a number of legal issues. This article addresses these issues and possible solutions with regard to the legal perspective of
electronic voting. As the law does not contain precise requirements for holding an electronic vote, there are many aspects that must be
considered in order to comply with the general principles of company law, e.g., how to identify the person giving their vote, and how to
ensure the security and reliability of electronic voting. Based on the analysis in this article, the procedure must ensure the identification of
shareholders as well as the reliability of casting votes, but must also be proportionate for achieving these aims
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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