177 research outputs found
Rules of origin in services : a case study of five ASEAN countries
No full textAn important question in the design of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) covering services is to what extent nonmembers benefit from the trade preferences that are negotiated among members. This question is resolved through services rules of origin. The restrictiveness of rules of origin determines the degree of preferences entailed in market opening commitments, shaping the bargaining incentives of FTAs and their eventual economic effects. Even though the number of FTAs in services has increased rapidly in recent years, hardly any research is available that can guide policymakers on the economic implications of different rules of origin. After outlining the key economic tradeoffs and options for rules of origin in services, the paper summarizes the main findings of a research project that has assessed the rules of origin question for five countries in the ASEAN region. For selected service subsectors and a number of criteria for rules or origin, simulation exercises evaluated which service providers would or would not be eligible for preferences negotiated under a FTA. Among other findings, the simulation results point to the binding nature of a domestic ownership or control requirement and, for the specific case of financial services, a requirement of incorporation.Free Trade,Trade Law,Trade and Services,Economic Theory&Research,Trade Policy
sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231157145 - Supplemental material for Chemical Constituents From the Marine Microalgae <i>Thraustochytrium pachydermum</i>
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231157145 for Chemical Constituents From the Marine Microalgae Thraustochytrium pachydermum by Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy, Hoang Thi Minh Hien, Nguyen Cam Ha and
Le Thi Thom, Dang Diem Hong, Nguyen Van Thinh,
Nguyen Trong Dan, Nguyen Dang Hoi, Vu Thi Loan, Hoang Duc Quang, Dan Thi Thuy Hang, Phan Van Kiem, Nguyen Tien Dat, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem in Natural Product Communications</p
Voice to Vision XI: Shower of Bullets
No full textVideo run time: 10 minutes, 59 seconds. Song: “Tinh Que Tren Dat Khach” written by Thi Vu and Kimchi Hoang, and performed by Thi Vu.Vo, Hien; Feinberg, David; Andrews, Beth; Englund, Michelle; Hoang, Kimchi; Hensel, Jennifer; Anton, Kristin; Shahriar, Sima; Leiter-Pergament, Paula; Feinberg, Sara; Breidenbach, Julia; Bollweg, Jane; Nickell, Annie; Menendez, Adolfo. (2019). Voice to Vision XI: Shower of Bullets. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/203507
Poverty Dynamics in Vietnam, 2002-2006
No full textThis paper provides a descriptive and
multivariate analysis of poverty dynamics in Vietnam using
panel data from the Vietnam household living standards
surveys of 2002, 2004, and 2006. Transition matrices and
contour plots confirm that while large numbers of households
moved out of poverty between these years, many did not move
far the poverty line and that around a tenth of rural
households appear to be trapped in chronic poverty.
Different categorical models are then estimated to analyze
the correlates of chronic poverty and the drivers of poverty
transitions in rural areas. Initial conditions, such as
household size and composition, whether the household head
comes from an ethnic minority or failed to complete primary
school, and residence in northern Vietnam, have important
roles in trapping households in poverty. Simultaneous
quintile regression models show the chronically poor are
more disadvantaged by geography and ethnic minority status,
while changes in household size and the share of children
matter more to the living standards of the never poor
Libéralisation commerciale, allocation du travail et dynamique des revenus au Vietnam
No full textThe objectives of the current thesis are to investigate evolutions of the labor market since Doi Moi and impacts from the international integration of Vietnam’s economy, with focuses on a distinction of formal and informal sectors. In the current state of the thesis, the impacts of the trade liberalization and the increases in the minimum wages of the domestic sectors are studied. Indeed, the latter factor, the increase in the minimum wages, can be also considered as a factor relating to the international integration as it followed Viet Nam’s commitments under the WTO accession. For the impacts of the trade liberalization, the thesis investigates the impacts on labor allocations between different types of employments including wage work in the formal sectors and household businesses as well as self-employments in manufacturing sectors. The impacts on income differentials across the types of employments are also exploited. For the impacts of the increases in the minimum wages, the thesis exploits the effects on the total employments, movements between the formal sectors and other types of employments, wage distributions within the formal and informal sectors and wage gaps between the two sectors at different percentiles. Chapter 1. Trade liberalization, labor allocation and income dynamics in Vietnam Abstract This study seeks to answer two inter-related questions for Viet Nam: (i) how trade liberalization affects the allocation of workers across self-employment, wage work in household businesses and wage work in the formal sector (private, foreign invested and state enterprises); and (ii) income differentials between these kinds of employment. An extension of the two-step model in Goldberg and Pavcnik (2003) and its modification are employed to answer the questions. Data is sourced from five Viet Nam Household Living Standard Surveys from 2002 to 2010 and available measures of the trade liberalization in Viet Nam. The results indicate that the trade liberalization does not have significant impacts on income differentials between types of employments. Meanwhile, increases in exposing to the international trade reduce wage works in household businesses, compared with that in the formal sectors. The increase in the trade liberalization also has impacts on self-employments but it seems that the directions of impacts depend on statues of net import or net export of industries of Viet Nam. Chapter 2. Impacts of unification of minimum wages across sectors on labor allocations and income dynamics in Vietnam Abstract Rates of minimum wages in Viet Nam have increased drastically since 2009 as commitments of unification between those in FDI and domestic sectors under the WTO accession. This growth has been considered as being higher to productivity growth of the economy. Employing data of Vietnam Labor Force Surveys and Household Living Standard Surveys from 2010 to 2014, the current paper investigates impacts of the minimum wages on employment statues, wage distributions in formal and informal sectors as well as wage gap between the two sectors. The results imply that the minimum wages do not have significant impacts on the total employments of the whole population. This result is somewhat different from those reported in previous studies for Viet Nam. Our different specifications detect that the differences in the results are attributed to inclusions of trends in studying. Similar to the work of Hansen et al. (2015), the results indicates that that the minimum wages positively affects the wage distribution in the formal sectors. However, we find that the effects do not stop at the median as the result of Hansen et al. but also on higher percentiles. Finally, the minimum wages increases the wage gap between the formal and informal sectors with stronger effects at higher percentiles of the wage distribution.Les objectifs de notre thèse sont d'étudier les évolutions du marché du travail depuis Doï Moï (la réforme économique au VN en 1986) et les impacts de l'intégration internationale de l'économie du Vietnam, en mettant l'accent sur une distinction des secteurs formel et informel. Dans notre thèse, nous étudions les impacts de la libéralisation commerciale et l'augmentation des salaires minimums dans les secteurs domestiques. Ce dernier peut également être considéré comme un facteur relatif à l'intégration internationale puisqu'il a suivi les engagements du Vietnam dans le cadre de l'adhésion à WTO. Pour les impacts de la libéralisation commerciale, nous examinons les effets sur les allocations de main-d'œuvre entre différents types d'emplois, y compris le travail salarié dans les secteurs formels et les entreprises ménagères, ainsi que les emplois autonomes dans les secteurs manufacturiers. Les impacts sur les écarts de revenus dans les différents types d'emplois sont également exploités. Pour les impacts de l'augmentation des salaires minimums, nous exploitons les effets sur le total des emplois, les mouvements entre les secteurs formels et les autres types d'emplois, la répartition des salaires dans les secteurs formel et informel et les écarts de salaire entre les deux secteurs à différents centiles. Chapitre 1. Libéralisation commerciale, allocation du travail et dynamique des revenus au Vietnam Abstrait Cette étude vise à répondre à deux questions inter-liées au Viet Nam: (i) comment la libéralisation commerciale influence l'allocation des travailleurs, entre travail indépendant, travail salarié dans les entreprises familiales et le travail salarié dans le secteur formel (entreprises privées, étrangères et publiques); et (ii) les écarts de revenus entre ces types d'emplois. Une extension du modèle « deux étapes » de Goldberg et Pavcnik (2003) et sa modification sont utilisées pour répondre aux questions. Les données proviennent de cinq enquêtes traditionnelles sur le vieillissement du ménage du Viet Nam de 2002 à 2010 et des mesures disponibles de la libéralisation commerciale au Viet Nam. Les résultats indiquent que la libéralisation commerciale n'a pas d'impact significatif sur les écarts de revenus entre les types d'emplois. Parallèlement, les augmentations de l'exposition au commerce international réduisent les salaires dans les entreprises familiales, par rapport à celles des secteurs formels. L'augmentation de la libéralisation commerciale a également des répercussions sur les emplois autonomes, mais il semble que les orientations des impacts dépendent des statuts de l'importation nette ou de l'exportation nette d'industries du Viet Nam. Chapitre 2. Impacts de l'unification des salaires minimum entre les secteurs sur les allocations de travail et la dynamique des revenus au Vietnam Abstrait Les taux de salaire minimum au Viet Nam ont augmenté considérablement depuis 2009 en tant qu'engagements d'unification entre les IDE et les secteurs domestiques dans le cadre de l'adhésion à WTO. Cette croissance a été considérée comme supérieure à la croissance de la productivité de l'économie. En utilisant les données des Enquêtes sur la population active du Vietnam et les enquêtes sur le niveau de vie des ménages de 2010 à 2014, le document actuel examine les répercussions des salaires minimum sur les statuts de l'emploi, la répartition des salaires dans les secteurs formel et informel ainsi que les écarts de salaire entre les deux secteurs. Les résultats impliquent que le salaire minimum n'a pas d’effet significatif sur l'ensemble des emplois de l'ensemble de la population. Ce résultat est quelque peu différent de ceux rapportés dans des études antérieures pour le Viet Nam
Inclusive growth index in Vietnam : an analysis [Vietnamese language]
No full textApplying
the
methodology
to
measure
inclusive
growth,
which
was
proposed
by
Anand
et
al.
in
2013,
this
paper
investigates
how
inclusive
growth
in
Viet
Nam
was
at
both
national
and
regional
levels
over
three
periods
of
2004-‐2006,
2006-‐2008,
and
2010-‐2012,
for
which
these
two-‐wave
panel
datasets
required
for
such
analysis
are
available.
This
study
analyzed
inclusiveness
in
both
income
and
non-‐income
dimensions.
Furthermore,
it
decomposed
changes
in
the
inclusive
growth
into
changes
in
income
growth
or
coverage
in
access
to
social
services,
and
changes
in
distribution.
It
is
found
that
the
income
inclusive
growth
index
increased
consistently
over
the
studied
periods.
The
period
of
2006-‐2008
witnessed
the
highest
improvement
of
the
index
thanks
to
high
rate
of
income
growth,
which
was
more
than
offsetting
some
worsening
of
income
distribution.
In
the
subsequent
period
of
2010-‐2012,
when
the
economy
slowed
down,
the
relative
importance
of
these
two
components
was
reverse,
with
the
contribution
of
the
distribution
effect
surpassed
that
of
income
effect.
Changes
in
the
indexes
of
regions
generally
followed
the
trend
of
the
country
as
a
whole,
which
were
improvements
in
all
studied
periods
with
the
highest
increase
in
the
period
of
2006-‐2008.
The
gaps
between
regions
increased
2006-‐2008,
but
decreased
in
2004-‐2006
and
2010-‐2012.
Overall,
the
contribution
of
income
effect
dominated
that
of
distribution.
However,
the
latter
component
accounted
for
greater
shares
in
the
total
growth
of
the
index
in
the
two
richest
regions-‐
Red
River
Delta
and
South
East-‐
in
the
period
of
2010-‐2012.
In
short,
while
income
distribution
is
important,
in
general,
growth
continues
to
be
the
main
driver
of
inclusive
growth
in
Vietnam
in
the
foreseeable
future,
as
the
country
is
still
at
a
low
level
of
development.
This
justifies
the
current
focus
of
Government’s
reform
agenda
on
bringing
the
economy
back
on
rapid
and
sustainable
growth
path
by
implementing
structural
reforms
and
a
shift
away
from
factor-‐driven
to
efficiency-‐driven
growth
model
Weighting deprivations using subjective well-being: An application to the Multidimensional Child Poverty Index in Vietnam
No full textAlthough multidimensional approach to study child poverty has received growing attention, weights of different dimensions in constructing single aggregation indices have not been properly investigated. Using Young Livesdata, this study attempts to fill this gap by examining a weight estimation method which takes into account the children’s perspectives. This approach consists of computing analytical weights from estimated parameters of asubjective well-being regression model, where children’s subjective well-being is explained by their achievement in dimensions included in multidimensional poverty indices. By doing so, weights reflect valuejudgments of children on what is a good life and are not based on a normative approach. Estimation resultsindicate that revealed preferences of children change overtime and across sub-groups of children. More importantly, this paper demonstrates that children do not give the same value to all dimensions, contrary to whatthe most common approach to calculate weights is supposing. Children then attach more importance to deprivations such as shelter, water and sanitation deprivations, which impact immediately their well-being thanto deprivations which may affect negatively their well-being in the long-term, with the exception of education for some groups of children.L’approche multidimensionnelle pour étudier la pauvreté des enfants a reçu une attention croissante. Pourtant, la question de comment pondérer les différentes dimensions de la pauvreté dans la construction d’un indicateursynthétique de pauvreté reste encore largement sous-étudiée. A partir des données Young Lives, cette étude s’attache à combler cette lacune en examinant une méthode d'estimation des poids qui prend en compte lesperceptions des enfants. Cette approche consiste à calculer le poids à partir des paramètres estimés d'un modèle expliquant le bien-être subjectif des enfants par leur réalisation dans les différentes dimensions de la pauvretéincluse dans l’indice synthétique. Les poids ainsi obtenus reflètent les valeurs des enfants sur ce qu’ils considèrent bien vivre, sans apporter de jugement normatif comme le fait l’approche donnant la même valeur àtoutes les dimensions qui est actuellement suivie au Vietnam. Les résultats indiquent que les préférences révélées des enfants varient au cours du temps et entre sous-groupes d'enfants. Surtout, cette étude démontre queles enfants ne donnent pas la même valeur à toutes les dimensions. Ils attachent plus d'importance à des privations qui ont un impact immédiatement leur bien-être telles que celles relatives aux conditions d’habitat, à l’accès à l’eau, à l’assainissement qu’aux privations qui impactent leur bien-être à plus long-terme, à l'exception de l'éducation pour certains groupes d'enfants
Do Vietnamese schools provide the right education for an industrialising country?
No full textThis paper examines whether Vietnamese schools are providing children with the education that is needed by an industrialising middle-income country. International comparisons show that, despite Vietnam’s generous spending on education, the country’s school enrolments and attainments are relatively low compared to its competitors in east and south-east Asia. The 2007 Labour Force Survey is used to examine the qualifications that new labour market entrants need to obtain skilled employment, and to investigate the returns to different levels of education. The results suggest that there is currently not a strong demand in manufacturing for workers with either professional or tertiary education. Labour market entrants with post-secondary qualifications earn manufacturing wages that are, on average, only 40 to 50 per cent higher than workers with primary education. This is consistent with the relatively routine nature of most jobs in manufacturing, which has focused on products which can be produced by assembly line workers with limited schooling. Finally, Rounds 2 and 3 of the Young Lives data are used to investigate which children are being left behind by the education system. A small but significant group of children who are failing to complete lower secondary school, and are therefore very unlikely to gain wage employment in the manufacturing or government sectors, is identified
Differential impacts of trade facilitation on homogeneous and differentiated products in East Asia
No full text- …
