66 research outputs found
Agreed Amounts Payable Upon Breach of Contract: Liquidated Damages and Penalty Clauses
No full textThe author of the doctoral thesis examines the origins and evolution of the legal regulation of
liquidated damages and penalty clauses in different legal traditions and systems, as well as reveals the
relationship between the legal systems in the light of agreed amounts. The differences between liquidated
damages and penalty clauses in regard of purpose of the clause, restrictive effect on the debtor’s liability,
applicable time of assessment, burden of proof, circumstances relevant to the liability, relationship with
other remedies, limitation of action are revealed. In the research the conditions and models of judicial
review over agreed amounts are examined, including flexible, strict, mixed and minimal judicial review.
The author aims to reveal the specifics of each model, their advantages and disadvantages, tendencies
and perspectives, thus, seeking to determine, which model of judicial review ensure the balance between
parties’ legitimate interests. The author raises the question of the possibility to apply common law’s
liquidated damages in Lithuania, while assessing the interaction between liquidated damages and
penalty clauses. Different positions expressed in the Lithuanian legal doctrine regarding the possibility
of application of liquidated damages in Lithuania are assessed, as well as the author’s approach on the
latter issue is presented.Disertacijoje yra nagrinėjamos iš anksto aptartų nuostolių bei netesybų teisinio reguliavimo ištakas
ir raida skirtingose teisės tradicijose bei sistemose, atskleidžiamas nagrinėjamų teisės sistemų tarpusavio
ryšys sutartų sumų teisinio reguliavimo srityje. Iš anksto aptarti nuostoliai ir netesybos yra tiriami
pagal konkrečius praktinio veikimo klausimus: paskirtį, skolininko atsakomybę ribojantį poveikį, taikomą
vertinimo laiką, įrodinėjimo naštą, atsakomybei reikšmingas aplinkybes, santykį su kitomis teisių
gynimo priemonėmis, ieškinio senatį. Darbe nagrinėjamos sutartų sumų teisminės kontrolės sąlygos bei
modeliai, tarp kurių yra lanksčioji, griežtoji, mišrioji ir minimali teisminė kontrolė. Siekiama atskleisti
minėtų teisminės kontrolės modelių specifiką skirtingose teisės sistemose, jų privalumus ir trūkumus,
teisinio reguliavimo tendencijas bei perspektyvą. Taip pat siekiama nustatyti, koks sutartų sumų teisminės
kontrolės modelis geriausiai užtikrintų šalių interesų pusiausvyrą. Disertacijoje keliamas klausimas
dėl galimybės Lietuvos teisėje taikyti bendrojoje teisėje žinomų iš anksto aptartų nuostolių institutą,
kartu siekiant įvertinti netesybų bei iš anksto aptartų nuostolių tarpusavio sąveiką. Įvertinamos skirtingos
Lietuvos teisės doktrinoje išreikštos pozicijos dėl iš anksto aptartų nuostolių taikymo galimybės
Lietuvoje, taip pat pateikiama ir autoriaus pozicija pastaruoju klausimu
Comparative aspects of judicial review over agreed amounts
No full textTikslas – šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami ir vertinami skirtingi teisminės kontrolės modeliai, lyginamosios analizės pagrindu siekiant atskleisti tų modelių kritinius aspektus arba pranašumus. Metodologija – šiame tyrime naudojami teoriniai metodai (lyginamasis, analitinis ir sisteminis). Rezultatai – sutartinių baudų (angl. penalty), kurios Lietuvoje prilygintinos netesyboms, įteisinimas lanksčios teisminės kontrolės sąlygomis, skirtingai nei jų draudimas griežtos teisminėmis kontrolės sąlygomis, užtikrina pusiausvyrą tarp silpnesniosioms šalims reikalingos teisėtų interesų apsaugos ir stipresniosioms šalims (verslininkams) reikalingos sutarčių laisvės. Tačiau lanksčią teisminę kontrolę įtvirtinančiose jurisdikcijose, kur kaip silpnesniųjų šalių teisėtų interesų saugiklis teismams numatoma mažinimo galia, neturėtų būti analogiškai vadovaujamasi vertinamaisiais kriterijais tiek savo srities profesionalų, tiek neprofesionalų atžvilgiu. Todėl Lietuvoje sutartiniuose komerciniuose santykiuose teisinis tikrumas bei sutarčių laisvės principas galėtų būti sustiprinti, kaip teisminės mažinimo galios išimtį, numatant lygiavertę derybinę padėtį turinčius verslininkus, t.y. pagal šalių profesionalumo lygį diferencijuojant teisminės kontrolės režimą. Tyrimo ribotumas – šiame tyrime, kai kalbama apie Kontinentinės teisės tradicijos šalis, sutartinių baudų terminas vartojamas Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse1 įtvirtintų netesybų prasme, t.y. nesiekiant jų atskirti nuo delspinigių. Nagrinėjant teisminės kontrolės modelius apsiribojama Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų (toliau - JAV) bei kai kurių Kontinentinei teisės tradicijai priklausančių šalių pavyzdžiais, tarp kurių yra Belgija, Ispanija, Vokietija, Lietuva ir kt. Tačiau ne visų šalių reguliavimas vienodai plačiai analizuojamas dėl egzistuojančių panašumų. Praktinė reikšmė – šiuo straipsniu sukeliama diskusija, siekiant išsiaiškinti, koks teisminės kontrolės modelis, taikytinas sutartinių baudų, atžvilgiu geriausiai užtikrina pusiausvyrą tarp silpnesniosioms šalims reikalingos teisėtų interesų apsaugos ir stipresniosioms šalims (verslininkams) reikalingos sutarčių laisvės. Taipogi atskleidžiama, kokiu būdu Lietuvoje galėtų būti sustiprintas teisinis tikrumas bei sutarčių laisvės principas komerciniuose sutartiniuose santykiuose. Originalumas – nors užsienio mokslinėje literatūroje yra nagrinėjami įvairūs su iš anksto aptartais nuostoliais (angl. liquidataed damages) ir sutartinėmis baudomis susiję teoriniai ir praktiniai apsektai, tačiau šiame tyrime siekiama atskleisti ir įvertinti šių institutų atžvilgiu taikytinos teisminės kontrolės pagrindu, kuri gali būti arba griežta, arba lanksti, kylančius trūkumus ar privalumus, kad būtų galima atsakyti į klausimus, kuris modelis geriausiai leidžia subalansuoti su teisėtų interesų apsauga ir sutarčių laisve siejamus poreikius, bei kaip Lietuvoje sutartinėms baudoms (netesyboms) taikytinas teisminės kontrolės modelis dar galėtų būti patobulintas.Purpose – in this article on the basis of comparative analysis different models of judicial review are examined and assessed in order to reveal particular critical aspects or advantages. Methodology – in this research theoretical methods (comparative, analytical and systemic) are being applied. Findings – legalization of penalty clauses in terms of flexible judicial review, in contrast to their ban in terms of strict judicial review, ensures best both the equilibrium between the protection of legal interests that is necessary in respect of weaker parties and freedom of contract needed by the stronger commercial parties. However, in the jurisdictions where the flexible judicial review with reduction power over unreasonably excessive sums, as a safeguard for protecting legal interests of weaker parties, is established the evaluative criteria should not be applied in the same fashion for both non-professionals and professionals operating in the scope of their activity. For this reason in Lithuanian Republic legal certainty and freedom of contract in the context of commercial contractual relations could be strengthened by making an exception of the reduction power in respect of businessmen with relatively equal bargaining power, which would basically allow to differentiate the regime of judicial review on the basis of parties’ professional capabilities. Research limitations – author of this article studies models of judicial review that are based on either invalidation or reduction of penalty clauses by limiting his research to the examples of the US and some civil law countries, among which are, for instance, Belgium, Spain, Germany, Lithuania, however, not all of these examples are equally discussed due to some similarities in terms of regulation regarding penalty clauses. Practical implications – this article initiates a discussion aimed at revealing, which model of judicial review over penalty clauses ensures best both the equilibrium between the protection of legal interests that is necessary in respect of weaker parties and freedom of contract needed by the stronger parties. It is also attempted to reveal in what way in Lithuanian Republic legal certainty and freedom of contract in the context of commercial contractual relations could be strengthened. Originality – although in the foreign scientific literature various practical and theoretical aspects concerning liquidated damages and penalty clauses were analyzed, but this research focuses on revealing and assessing the advantages or disadvantages that depend on the implemented model of judicial review over penalty clauses, which can be either flexible or strict, in order to answer questions, such as which model allows best to balance the needs associated with protection of legal interests and freedom of contract, as well as how the judicial review model could be improved in Lithuanian Republic
A poesia portuguesa contemporânea em diálogo com o I Ching (ou Yi Jing). [La poesia portoghese contemporanea in dialogo con I Ching (o Yi Jing]
No full textIn 2006, the poetess and plastic artist, Fernanda Dias, turned public her visionary work of poetical re-creation of oneof the most important and known books of the Chinese culture -the Yi Jing (I Ching), known as The Book of Changes. After receiving, of the hands of the Priest Joaquin War, his translation, and to have contact with others known translations and her day byday with the Chinese art in the streets of the Bazaar and the Antique Museun Art, the author started reverse speed-to imagine the book with its special spots, hunted, stories of migrations, warriors and emperors. When she received the taoist master Wu JyhCherng’s version, the only one direct of the Chinese to the Portuguese, she rearranged its texts and reexamined the imaginary qualities, fruit of an alliance enters its visions of poetess and her constant attention and fascination for the art of the Ancient History of China, its jades, its painted ceramics, its ceremonial bronzes, its devices. The sun, the moon and the silkwire is a book, in the borders of the sinology that were developed in Macao, in the difficult ways of the art to translate an ideogramic language to a vernacular language, and beyond, the wonderings that this Chinese Classic has been inspiring time by time. This paper will try to identify the limits of this poetical transwriting, its sources and its main applied keys of translation. It will search to relate this to other writings of Fernanda Dias and, still, to her poetical work
Democracy and its perspective in the mechanism of the modern democratic governance
No full textThe most important task of this notice is to reveal what allows to approve or to deny the existence or absence of democracy as political-social phenomena. While looking for a solution more attention was paid to such political processes as a electoral system and rule system in order to reveal their relation with implementation of democracy and the degree of this implementation. This notice will convince us that the historical basis of democracy is association as civil community where the decisions are made by the members of this association who are equal to each other among themselves. What is more, those chapters where electoral and rule systems are discussed show that the way how the the rule apparatus is ordered has a lot of influence to any political regime, in our case to democracy. That means, for example, that the majority electoral system is efficient and covers up the criterions of democracy only in those states where two-party system is predominant or, for example, that it is impossible to imagine undisciplined parties that rule efficient and in democratic way in parlametary state. More over, the aim of the last chapter was to get readers familiar with cosmopolitan model of democracy and with the global degree of democracy, further more, to reveal the lookouts of democracy development and means that are the most suitable to implement that development
Theoretical and practical aspects of liquidated damages and application under the law of the Republic of Lithuania
No full textReikšminiai žodžiai: Bauda; Bausmė; Civilinė sutartis; Iš anksto sutarti nuostoliai; Komerciniai sandoriai; Netesybos; Sutarčių teisė; Civil contract; Commercial agreements; Contract law; Liquidated damaage; Liquidated damages; Penalt
Performance-Based Design of the CRS-RRC Schoenflies-Motion Generator
No full textRigid-body displacements obtained by combining spatial translations and rotations around axes whose direction is fixed in the space are named Shoenflies’ motions. They constitute a 4-dimensional (4-D) subgroup, named Shoenflies’ subgroup, of the 6-D displacement group. Since the set of rotation-axis’ directions is a bi-dimensional space, the set of Shoenflies’ subgroups is a bi-dimensional space, too. Many industrial manipulations (e.g., pick-and-place on a conveyor belt) require displacements that belong to only one Schoenflies’ subgroup and can be accomplished by particular 4-degrees-of-freedom (4-DOF) manipulators (Shoenflies-motion generators (SMGs)). The first author has recently proposed a novel parallel SMG of type CRS-RRC1. Such SMG features a single-loop architecture with actuators on the base and a simple decoupled kinematics. Here, firstly, an organic review of the previous results on this SMG is presented; then, its design is addressed by considering its kinetostatic performances. The adopted design procedure optimizes two objective functions, one (global conditioning index (GCI)) that measures the global performance and the other (CImin) that evaluates the worst local performance in the useful workspace. The results of this optimization procedure are the geometric parameters’ values that make the studied SMG have performances comparable with those of commercial SMGs. In addition, a realistic 3D model that solves all the manufacturing doubts with simple and cheap solutions is presented
A poesia radical de Alberto de Estima de Oliveira
No full textThe text aims to provide a critical reading, covering each book published by the author. The text is based on the radical humanity with which the author faced a journey of otherness through different parts of the former ex-Portuguese empire
Effects of spine stabilization exercises on patients with asymmetric lumbar lateroflexy.
No full textSUMMARY Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine Bachelor Degree of Physiotherapy EFFECTS OF SPINE STABILIZATION EXERCISES ON PATIENTS WITH ASYMETRIC LUMBAR LATEROFLEXY Physiotherapy Bachelor's Thesis The Author: Greta Milašienė, fourth-year student of the Bachelor of Physiotherapy program at the Faculty of Medicine. Academic advisor: Simas Strička Assistant Simas Strička, Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine. Key words: waist asymmetry, spinal stabilization exercises, lateroflexion amplitude, lateroflexion force. Topic justification: today, one of the most common clinical treatments of lumbar back pain applied in treatment and rehabilitation institutions is the therapy of spinal stabilization exercises. However, there is insufficient reliable research to demonstrate effectiveness of these exercises, in addressing biomechanical problems of the body. Therefore, the analysis of the effects of spinal stabilization exercises on asymmetry of waist lateroflexion is aimed at identifying the relation between the spinal stabilisation exercises and biomechanical indicators of the body. The aim of research work: to find out the effects of spinal stabilization exercises on the amplitude and force of waist lateroflexion asymmetry to the left/right. Tasks of work: 1. To rate the amplitude of waist lateroflexion asymmetry to the left/right before and after the cycle of nine spine stabilization exercises. 2. To rate the strength of the waist lateroflexion motion to the left/right after the cycle of nine spine stabilization exercises. 3. To rate the effects of nine spinal stabilization exercises on the waist lateroflexion asymmetry. Research methods. A total of 40 patients were involved in the research, 23 women and 17 men. The average age of subjects – 47 years. The youngest research participant was 25 years old, the oldest – 69 years of age. The research took place from 22 February 2016 to 22 April 2016 using BACK 5002 TAKEI muscle strength dynamometer. The lumbar lateroflexion motion amplitude was measured with a tape measure. Data on the gender, weight and height of subjects were collected in a survey. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2011 statistical analysis software. Results. After the cycle of nine spinal stabilization exercises the average waist lateroflexion amplitude of all subjects reduced, i.e. the distance of the waist lateroflexion from the ground to the right increased from 44 cm to 45.5 cm (p<0,05, r=0,907), to the left – from 45.5 to 45.9 (P<0,05, r=0,911). The average muscle force of patients performing waist lateroflexion to the right increased from 31 kg to 36 kg (p<0,05, r=0,872), to the left – from 32 kg to 39 kg (p<0,05, r=0,872). The average muscle force of all subjects performing waist lateroflexion on the left side increased by 3 kg more than on the right. Conclusions. Spinal stabilization exercises reduce the elasticity of muscles performing lateroflexion, have uneven effect on the strength of muscles performing waist lateroflexion on the right and on the left side, increasing asymmetry of waist lateroflexion because of the growing difference in the muscle force of the right and left side during exercises. The cycle of nine spine stabilization exercises in case of waist lateroflexion asymmetry was inefficient because it increased the asymmetry of waist lateroflexion
The Role of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer
No full textAuthor: Simas Giedrys. Title: "The Role of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer". Aim of the study: to evaluate the possibilities of CT scan in diagnosing esophageal tumors and determining the extent of the cancer. Objectives: To evaluate the location, size and other radiological signs of esophageal tumors on plain CT scans with oral contrast agent. To evaluate the enhancement of esophageal malignancies on CT scans after the administration of oral and intravenous contrast agents. To investigate possible links between different radiological signs on CT scans, morphological changes found on upper endoscopy (EGD) and tumor's histology group. Material and methods: 70 patients, with esophageal masses verified by a biopsy, who underwent examination and treatment in LSMU Kaunas Clinics, were selected for this retrospective observational study. A series of images of patients' CT scans were evaluated and results were compared with interpretations other radiologist and/or radiology resident. Furthermore, information from patients' medical histories was retrospectively collected: patients' age at diagnosis, gender, results of upper endoscopy, tumor's location, morphology, surface of mucosa. Finally, results of biopsy microscopic examination, histological structure and the grade of differentiation were gathered. Results: 85,7% (n=60) of the cases were squamous cell carcinoma, 12,9% (n=9) adenocarcinoma and 1,4% (n=1) primary melanoma of the esophagus. On endoscopic examination 74,3%(n=52) of the tumors were presented as an infiltrative growth, 25,7% (n=18) as egzophytic growth. The most common pathological changes of the mucosa were erosions and ulcers found in 68,6%(n=48) of the cases. A statistically significant difference between attenuation on CT scan before and after the administration of an intravenous contrast medium was established (p10mm. Distant metastases were found in 32,86% (n=23) of the patients. When comparing homogeneity of changes seen on upper endoscopy and CT scan between histological groups, no statistical significant independence was found (p>0,05). Conclusions: Malignant esophageal tumors on CT scan are most commonly presented as circular or asymmetrical wall thickening, frequently spread to mediastinal lymph nodes and can infiltrate adjacent structures. The larger the tumor is, the bigger number of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes can be found. Esophageal tumors usually demonstrate significant, nonhomogeneous enhancement and double-contrast CT scan allows to distinguish malignant esophageal tumors with high sensitivity. Pathological changes found in upper endoscopy and CT scan are similar in different histological groups
Demonstrações Elementares para a Equação de Fermat x^n + y^n = z^n, para n pertencente a {2,3,4,5}
No full textDue to the encryption of the file sent by the author, it was not possible to recover the Abstract.NenhumaDevido à criptografia do arquivo enviado pelo autor, não foi possível a recuperação do Resumo
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