1,721,005 research outputs found
A simple earthquake simulator to explore the coefficient of variation of the recurrence time
No full textNumerical simulation of earthquake recurrence time for selected fault. Public deliverable report, DPC-INGV-S2 Project “Constraining observations into Seismic Hazard”, 36 pp.
No full textRates of active compressional deformation in central Italy and Sicily: evaluation of the seismic budget
No full textHistorical and recent seismicity records and available source mechanisms in eastern-central Italy (Marche–Adriatic region), in mainland-southern Sicily and in the Tyrrhenian offshore of northern Sicily show com- parable deformation patterns. Seismotectonic consider- ations indicate that each of the three areas represents a broad seismogenic province of relatively homogeneous deformation. On the basis of the historical earthquake catalogue, the parameters of the Gutenberg–Richter dis- tribution have been calculated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation method. The average moment tensors have been computed from focal mechanism data and the strain rate and velocity tensors evaluated by means of Kostrov’s (in Izv Acad Sci USSR Phys Solid Earth 1:23–44, 1974) relation, which also considers the shape and size of the seismogenic volume. The uncertainties have been system- atically incorporated. The results show that the three seis- motectonic provinces are all undergoing shortening at seismic rates (*0.3 mm/year in the WSW–ENE direction in the eastern Marche–Adriatic region, *0.1 mm/year in the N–S direction in mainland-southern Sicily and *0.2 mm/year in the NW–SE direction in the Southern Tyrrhenian zone). The motion pattern in the Marche– Adriatic and in the Sicilian provinces suggests that these areas undergo active crust-scale deformation along reverse shear zones, in agreement with recent horizontal GPS motion model and other independent evidence.Published2T. Tettonica attivaJCR Journalrestricte
Testing the seismogenic source for the 1693 eastern Sicily earthquake: insights from macroseismic field simulations
No full textLASSCI2009.2: layered earthquake rupture forecast model for central Italy, submitted to the CSEP project
No full textThe Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) selected Italy as a testing region for probabilistic earthquake forecast models in October, 2008. The model we have submitted for the two medium-term forecast periods of 5 and 10 years (from 2009) is a time-dependent, geologically based, earthquake rupture forecast that is defined for central Italy only (11-15 ̊ E; 41-45 ̊ N). The model took into account three separate layers of seismogenic sources: background seismicity; seismotectonic provinces; and individual faults that can produce major earthquakes (seismogenic boxes). For CSEP testing purposes, the background seismicity layer covered a range of magnitudes from 5.0 to 5.3 and the seismicity rates were obtained by truncated Gutenberg-Richter relationships for cells centered on the CSEP grid. Then the seismotectonic provinces layer returned the expected rates of medium-to-large earthquakes following a traditional Cornell-type approach. Finally, for the seismogenic boxes layer, the rates were based on the geometry and kinematics of the faults that different earthquake recurrence models have been assigned to, ranging from pure Gutenberg- Richter behavior to characteristic events, with the intermediate behavior named as the hybrid model. The results for different magnitude ranges highlight the contribution of each of the three layers to the total computation. The expected rates for M > 6.0 on April 1, 2009 (thus computed before the L'Aquila, 2009, Mw = 6.3 earthquake) are of particular interest. They showed local maxima in the two seismogenic-box sources of Paganica and Sulmona, one of which was activated by the L'Aquila earthquake of April 6, 2009. Earthquake rates as of August 1, 2009, (now under test) also showed a maximum close to the Sulmona source for Mw ~ 6.5; significant seismicity rates (10-4 to 10-3 in 5 years) for destructive events (magnitude up to 7.0) were located in other individual sources identified as being capable of such earthquakes in the central part of this area of the Apennines.Published3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischioN/A or not JCRope
LASSCI2009.2: layered earthquake rupture forecast model for central Italy, submitted to the CSEP project
No full textThe Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) selected Italy as a testing region for probabilistic earthquake forecast models in October, 2008. The model we have submitted for the two medium-term forecast periods of 5 and 10 years (from 2009) is a time-dependent, geologically based, earthquake rupture forecast that is defined for central Italy only (11-15 ̊ E; 41-45 ̊ N). The model took into account three separate layers of seismogenic sources: background seismicity; seismotectonic provinces; and individual faults that can produce major earthquakes (seismogenic boxes). For CSEP testing purposes, the background seismicity layer covered a range of magnitudes from 5.0 to 5.3 and the seismicity rates were obtained by truncated Gutenberg-Richter relationships for cells centered on the CSEP grid. Then the seismotectonic provinces layer returned the expected rates of medium-to-large earthquakes following a traditional Cornell-type approach. Finally, for the seismogenic boxes layer, the rates were based on the geometry and kinematics of the faults that different earthquake recurrence models have been assigned to, ranging from pure Gutenberg- Richter behavior to characteristic events, with the intermediate behavior named as the hybrid model. The results for different magnitude ranges highlight the contribution of each of the three layers to the total computation. The expected rates for M > 6.0 on April 1, 2009 (thus computed before the L'Aquila, 2009, Mw = 6.3 earthquake) are of particular interest. They showed local maxima in the two seismogenic-box sources of Paganica and Sulmona, one of which was activated by the L'Aquila earthquake of April 6, 2009. Earthquake rates as of August 1, 2009, (now under test) also showed a maximum close to the Sulmona source for Mw ~ 6.5; significant seismicity rates (10-4 to 10-3 in 5 years) for destructive events (magnitude up to 7.0) were located in other individual sources identified as being capable of such earthquakes in the central part of this area of the Apennines.Published3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischioN/A or not JCRope
Insights on a Key Parameter of Earthquake Forecasting, the Coefficient of Variation of the Recurrence Time, Using a Simple Earthquake Simulator
No full textNTRODUCTION
Probabilistic fault-based and time-dependent seismic-hazard studies are commonly used to forecast the time between con- secutive earthquakes; however, the correct evaluation of key parameters is critical for obtaining accurate results.
Probabilities of occurrence must be input to formulate seismic design maps and to develop national recommendations for building codes around the world (e.g., Field et al., 2009; Stucchi et al., 2011; Stirling et al., 2012). The basic require- ments for computing earthquake probabilities are the mean re- currence time and its variability. To understand the statistical behavior of earthquakes, data on long earthquake sequences is necessary. However, worldwide during the instrumental period (approximately the past century), no major active fault segment has entirely ruptured more than once. Additional information on the recurrence of such events can be found in historical documents and damaged archaeological structures. Surface rup- tures can also be preserved in sedimentary deposits, leading to paleoseismological records. In many cases, the compilation of these data sources for a given fault segment may yield catalogs of large earthquakes that include 3–4 events, with exceptional examples reaching 15 events (e.g., the San Andreas fault sys- tem, Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities [WGCEP], 2007; the Jordan valley fault, Ferry et al., 2011).
Therefore, considering that the period over which histori- cal and palaeohistorical earthquake records are available is relatively short compared to the recurrence time of major earthquakes, synthetic catalogs generated from numerical sim- ulation models are needed. Earthquake simulations model long earthquake histories using various approximations of what is known about the physics of stress transfer due to fault slip and the rheological proprieties of faults (Tullis, 2012a). Today, the scientific knowledge regarding earthquake dynamics is far
from complete; moreover, a realistic simulation of a full earth- quake cycle over sufficient time to generate enough data is cur- rently computationally infeasible. Therefore, the purpose of the simulations is to learn more about the statistical behavior of earthquakes in the hope that the earthquake physics hypotheses are not wrong. Many models with varying degrees of simpli- fication have been developed for writing ad hoc code to study the objective parameters (e.g., Ellsworth et al., 1999; Zöller and Hainzl, 2007; Robinson et al., 2009; Tullis, 2012b).
This study focuses on a fault system earthquake simulator that explores the variability in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the recurrence time by analyzing the effects of the tectonic loading stress, the slip-rate variability, and the fault system geometry. The simulations incorporate variability in the mag- nitude threshold and stress-dependent earthquake nucleation.
The impact of fault interaction on the recurrence time distribution of large earthquakes is an important question. Although local interactions are known to lead to self-organized criticality in many systems (e.g., Hainzl et al., 1999; Zöller and Hainzl, 2007), these interactions, especially from nearby faults, can advance or delay the occurrence of an earthquake (Gom- berg et al., 2005). However, in many cases, earthquake inter- actions are neglected and the seismicity is modeled for isolated faults. Moreover, if a fault is close to a critical state, small trans- ferred stresses can trigger an event almost instantaneously (e.g., King et al., 1994; Harris, 1998; Stein, 1999). Therefore, the recurrence time distribution of large events on individual faults will be modified if the influence of stresses transferred from nearby faults is taken into account.
The variability in earthquake recurrence intervals is typ- ically defined using the CV for a sequence of earthquakes, which is defined as the standard deviation of the recurrence times over their mean. Several studies acknowledge that the CV values for earthquake recurrence intervals are poorly con- strained (e.g., Ellsworth et al., 1999), and small differences in the CV can lead to order of magnitude differences in earth- quake probability forecasts.We analyze data from a synthetic seismicity catalog, in which geometry is based on an active normal fault system in central Italy, to obtain predictive CV equations.Published703-7133T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischioJCR Journalrestricte
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The contribution of structural geology and regional tectonics to the definition of large-scale seismotectonic provinces and individual seismogenic sources: Application to the extensional belt of central Italy.
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