96 research outputs found
The necessities to improve water recreation on the Mill Creek in Walla Walla
No full textIn Walla Walla, Washington the Mill Creek flows through an outdated concrete spillway that needs renovation. The city council of Walla Walla saw this as an opportunity to further develop this channel. Their desires include conservation of the fish ladder, enabling to sail by boat and to prettify the spillway. A Sobek 1D model was built to give a proper insight of the current situation. To verify the model calibration was done by using USGS data and GIS maps of the Walla Walla council. Also various design alternatives were specified to see which form of recreation is most feasible. The results from the model in the current situation showed that the water depth was too low while its velocity was too high for the different vessels. To solve this issue, an upgrade for the concrete spillway was proposed. By roughening the riverbed and placing groynes into the creek, the water depth increased and the water velocity dropped, according to the improved model. However, the design is a rough sketch that forms the base for a more detailed study. It is recommended to continue improving the model to verify the results which are presented in this report to be sure the proposed upgraded design will contribute to the desires.Civil Engineering and GeosciencesHydraulic Engineerin
Hydrology of Malheur Lake, Harney County, southeastern Oregon
No full textTitle from title screen (viewed Feb. 2, 2016).Also available online in PDF format from the U.S. Geological Survey Warehouse (http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/).Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references (pages 40)
Evaluation of migration and survival of juvenile salmonids following transportation
No full textTitle from PDF caption (viewed on August 30, 2017)."1998 Annual Report.""MPE-W-97-4."This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references (pages 31-33).Funded by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District.Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
A dream fulfilled one hundred years of the Walla Walla Symphony Orchestra 1907 - 2007 : the oldest continuous symphony society west of the Mississippi
No full textMeasuring the Location Value of a Recreation Site
No full textThe demand for sport fishing on the Snake River reservoirs was estimated using the travel cost method. A short-run demand model was specified with location value for anglers who have the option to access a follow-on site if fishing conditions are poor. Willingness to pay for a fishing trip to the site was 43.48 for anglers who did. A location value of 0.78 million) if location value for anglers with a follow-on site was excluded from the benefit estimate.contingent behavior, count data, endogenous stratification, follow-on site, location value, multiple destination, option value, short-run demand, travel cost method, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Metalinguistic Awareness and Multilingualism in the Norwegian EFL Classroom: An Untapped Resource?
No full textNorway’s linguistic diversity has increased at a rapid pace over the past several decades. Many students who speak minority languages at home begin school already bilingual in Norwegian and their home language(s), which has implications for language instruction. Speaking two or more languages can be a resource in acquiring additional languages, and previous research has shown that bilinguals can be at an advantage compared with monolingual peers. In the English classroom in Norway, students’ knowledge of other languages has the potential to be a resource, but many teachers are not yet sure how best to draw on this prior linguistic knowledge. Despite positive views about multilingualism, they may feel that they lack more detailed knowledge about multilingualism or other languages that would help them make use of students’ full linguistic repertoires.
This article-based doctoral thesis, part of the project Acquisition of English in the Multilingual Classroom funded by the Research Council of Norway (2018–2023), considers multilingualism in the EFL classroom in Norway in grades 5–7, the final three years of primary school. The main research question the thesis investigates is:
How does the linguistic and metalinguistic knowledge of multilingual students acquiring English as a third language (L3) compare to that of their peers with a majoritylanguage background acquiring English as a second language (L2)?
The three articles examine linguistic knowledge of specific grammatical properties of English as well as metalinguistic awareness, comparing multilingual students (the Multilingual group) to bilingual students with an L1 Norwegian background (the L1 Norwegian group) to see if the Multilingual students show any advantages. A third linguistic group was included in Articles 1 and 2 in order to accurately reflect the linguistic makeup of the classrooms: an English group comprised of students who reported English as one of their home languages.
Article 1 assessed linguistic knowledge of verbal morphosyntax in English through a written test, with 110 participants. The study contributed to the overarching goal to assess metalinguistic awareness as explicit linguistic knowledge is a component of metalinguistic awareness. I investigated two grammatical structures which have previously shown to be susceptible to non-facilitative crosslinguistic influence from Norwegian, namely, verb placement in verb second (V2) conditions and present tense subject-verb agreement. Emerging multilingual students acquiring English as an L3 have at least two potential sources of crosslinguistic influence: Norwegian and their (other) home language(s). Students’ knowledge of languages other than Norwegian can potentially lead to facilitative crosslinguistic influence of English grammatical structures. A statistical analysis of the test scores showed that comparing the group means for each linguistic group showed no significant difference between the L1 Norwegian group and the Multilingual group, but a linear regression controlling for grade level and academic achievement showed that membership in the Multilingual group significantly predicted higher performance than membership in the L1 Norwegian group after these variables were controlled for.
Article 2 measured metalinguistic awareness with an adapted version of the MAT-2 by Pinto et al. (1999). The adaptation was a written test distributed to 120 participants. The test was comprised of questions measuring linguistic knowledge of English sentences as well as metalinguistic questions prompting the students to explain the responses they gave to the linguistic questions. Based on prior research which showed the importance of the testing language in assessing metalinguistic awareness among bi- and multilingual populations, I chose a bilingual approach to adapting the English translation of the MAT-2, in which the sentences presented for analysis were all in English, but all test instructions and questions were presented in both English and Norwegian, with participants being explicitly allowed to write their responses in either language. Students’ use of metalanguage was low, contributing to relatively low scores across the board. A statistical analysis of the test scores showed that a comparison of group means for each linguistic group showed no significant differences, but a linear regression controlling for grade level and academic achievement showed that membership in the Multilingual group significantly predicted a higher score compared to membership in the L1 Norwegian group after these variables were controlled for.
Article 3 drew on both tests to explore metalinguistic awareness among 12 students in grade 6 through the use of oral tasks with a think-aloud protocol. Six of the students belonged to the Multilingual group (called the “L1 Other” group in the article) and the other six belonged to the L1 Norwegian group. Students worked together in pairs on two different tasks: one targeting phonological awareness and another targeting grammatical awareness. The materials for the phonological awareness task were adapted from the phonemic segmentation task of the MAT-2. Students were shown six different pairs of words in English in sequence and were asked to discuss the similarities and differences between each word pair. The second task was comprised of four sentences in English taken from the test of morphosyntax developed for Article 1, two of which were grammatical and two of which were ungrammatical. They were instructed to discuss whether the sentences were grammatical or not, and what they would change if they thought the sentences were ungrammatical. Comparing the performance of the three L1 Other (Multilingual) pairs to the L1 Norwegian pairs, there was no difference in performance on the phonological awareness task, but the L1 Other (Multilingual) group outperformed the L1 Norwegian group on the grammatical awareness task. As in Article 2, students’ use of metalanguage was low.
The studies presented in the articles show that multilingual students significantly outperformed bilingual L1 Norwegian students on some of the task types, but not all, and only after grade level and academic achievement were controlled for. Students’ knowledge of metalanguage was low, regardless of which linguistic group they belonged to. The thesis discusses the implications for classroom practice and teacher education, including how incorporating multilingual pedagogies into English instruction has the potential to help all students develop greater metalinguistic awareness on the path to becoming speakers of more than one language
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Vegetable Fertilizer Studies in the Walla Walla Area
No full textTopics include: Summary; Introduction; Methods; Results; Discussio
The Role of Gut Virome in the Overall Population Health
No full textThe gut virome, comprising viruses that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a crucial but often overlooked component of the microbiome. While bacteria have historically received the most attention in health research, viruses—particularly bacteriophages—play fundamental roles in shaping microbial ecosystems, modulating immunity, and influencing host physiology. The gut virome interacts with bacterial populations by regulating their abundance and diversity, thereby affecting metabolic pathways and gut homeostasis. Evidence also suggests that viral communities influence susceptibility to chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and even neurological disorders. Beyond individual health, the virome contributes to population-level resilience against pathogens by maintaining microbial balance and supporting immune adaptation. However, much of the gut virome remains uncharacterized due to technological challenges in sequencing and interpretation. Understanding its role in overall population health could open new avenues for diagnostics, preventive medicine, and therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting sustainable well-being
Joseph Morris and the saga of the Morrisites (revisited)
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index.Letters form obscurity -- Prophets of Pentecost -- The seventh angel speaks -- Threats in desperation -- The millennial hope -- The gathering storm -- The storm descends -- The last revelation -- Aftermath -- Exodus -- The Soda Springs settlement -- The Prophet Cainan -- The left win of the great eagle: Nevada and California -- The Walla Walla Jesus -- Deer Lodge: the heavenly city -- The Deer Lodge Jesus
Distinct migratory and non-migratory ecotypes of an endemic New Zealand eleotrid (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) – implications for incipient speciation in island freshwater fish species
No full textBackground: Many postglacial lakes contain fish species with distinct ecomorphs. Similar evolutionary scenarios might be acting on evolutionarily young fish communities in lakes of remote islands. One process that drives diversification in island freshwater fish species is the colonization of depauperate freshwater environments by diadromous (migratory) taxa, which secondarily lose their migratory behaviour. The loss of migration limits dispersal and gene flow between distant populations, and, therefore, is expected to facilitate local morphological and genetic differentiation. To date, most studies have focused on interspecific relationships among migratory species and their non-migratory sister taxa. We hypothesize that the loss of migration facilitates intraspecific morphological, behavioural, and genetic differentiation between migratory and non-migratory populations of facultatively diadromous taxa, and, hence, incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species.
Results: Microchemical analyses of otolith isotopes (Sr-88, Ba-137 and Ca-43) differentiated migratory and non-migratory stocks of the New Zealand endemic Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall (Eleotridae). Samples were taken from two rivers, one lake and two geographically-separated outgroup locations. Meristic analyses of oculoscapular lateral line canals documented a gradual reduction of these structures in the non-migratory populations. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints revealed considerable genetic isolation between migratory and non-migratory populations. Temporal differences in reproductive timing (migratory = winter spawners, non-migratory = summer spawners; as inferred from gonadosomatic indices) provide a prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism between the two ecotypes.
Conclusion: This study provides a holistic look at the role of diadromy in incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species. All four analytical approaches (otolith microchemistry, morphology, spawning timing, population genetics) yield congruent results, and provide clear and independent evidence for the existence of distinct migratory and non-migratory ecotypes within a river in a geographically confined range. The morphological changes within the non-migratory populations parallel interspecific patterns observed in all non-migratory New Zealand endemic Gobiomorphus species and other derived gobiid taxa, a pattern suggesting parallel evolution. This study indicates, for the first time, that distinct ecotypes of island freshwater fish species may be formed as a consequence of loss of migration and subsequent diversification. Therefore, if reproductive isolation persists, these processes may provide a mechanism to facilitate speciation
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