1,720,988 research outputs found
The Europeanization of foreign policy in the face of the Russian disinformation war
Get PDFSince 2014 a key development emerging from the crisis in Ukraine has been the extensive use of various disinformation and propaganda techniques used by Russia against not only Ukraine, but also against the European Union (EU) member states and the West in general. While such campaigns were gradually acknowledged in Berlin, Brussels, and Washington, the reactions of the EU and NATO came with a long delay. This article focuses on the institutional and political (re)actions of the EU to the Russian disinformation campaign against the European Union member states and Eastern neigh-borhood countries after the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2014. The key developments are the launch of a special Eastern StratCom Task Force within the EEAS as a completely new institutional formation, the adoption of the Action Plan for Strategic Communication, and the increased financial support for the European Endowment for Democracy. Tracing the EU collective response indicates that there was a decision of the member states to favor an EU-level solution over a solely national one in the foreign policy arena. This article argues that these developments are indicative of the Europeanization of the foreign policies of the member states, which is in itself a remarkable development given the altered European security environment
Baltic Perspectives on the Ukraine Crisis: Europeanization in the Shadow of Insecurity
Get PDFThis article reviews the policy positions of Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania with respect to the Ukraine crisis – the biggest foreign policy
challenge for the Baltic states since they regained independence. Ukraine
dominated the Baltic foreign policy agenda from the outbreak of the crisis,
because it touched upon a dimension of existential threat for the Baltic
countries. While giving an overview of the main policy domains where the
effect of the Ukraine crisis could be observed, this article demonstrates that the
three Baltic countries adopted a comprehensive approach to security and
foreign policymaking, underlining cooperation both at a national and European
level. In light of this, the Ukraine crisis can be seen as a maturity test for postindependence Baltic foreign policy
Sisepoliitilised mõjutused Eesti välispoliitikale 1930. aastatel
No full texthttps://www.ester.ee/record=b5649509*es
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF FOREIGN POLICY IN THE FACE OF THE RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION WAR
Get PDFSince 2014 a key development emerging from the crisis in Ukraine has been the extensive use of various disinformation and propaganda techniques used by Russia against not only Ukraine, but also against the European Union (EU) member states and the West in general. While such campaigns were gradually acknowledged in Berlin, Brussels, and Washington, the reactions of the EU and NATO came with a long delay. This article focuses on the institutional and political (re)actions of the EU to the Russian disinformation campaign against the European Union member states and Eastern neighborhood countries after the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2014. The key developments are the launch of a special Eastern StratCom Task Force within the EEAS as a completely new institutional formation, the adoption of the Action Plan for Strategic Communication, and the increased financial support for the European Endowment for Democracy. Tracing the EU collective response indicates that there was a decision of the member states to favor an EU-level solution over a solely national one in the foreign policy arena. This article argues that these developments are indicative of the Europeanization of the foreign policies of the member states, which is in itself a remarkable development given the altered European security environment
Framing the EU and the Green Deal in Estonia: A reluctant balancing act
Get PDFAs the new government incorporating the populist EKRE party took office in Estonia in spring 2019, concerns emerged about Estonia’s long-standing policy outlook of strong Euro-Atlantic integration. Other coalition members had to balance EKRE’s policy positions, which manifested in contradictory statements and vague decisions. Analysing the Estonian government’s rhetoric about the EU, this paper reveals how the government in its first year in office framed the European Union (EU). The Green Deal, or the EU’s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, emerged as one of the cross-cutting topics in the discourse, but the pragmatic rhetoric employed by ministers and the conflict between values and actions raises questions about the motivations of the government, and therefore results in what is termed as ‘reluctant’ Europeanisation
The effects of ingroup love - outgroup hate: 2005 London terrorist attacks
Get PDFWestern Europe in the 21st century has seen a terrifying rise of terrorist attacks, many of which are claimed to be Islamist by the perpetrators and extreme Islamist organizations. Nevertheless, the damage of none of these attacks is comparable to the damage done through 9/11 terrorist attacks in the USA in 2001. The reasons of the so called ‘Islamist’ terrorist attacks have been discussed by several authors. Nevertheless, the author of current thesis is not aware of any previous research that has tried to capture the social ingroups and outgroups and the intergroup relations regarding Muslims in the political discourses.
The aim of the thesis was to show the discourses regarding Muslims and Islam in the British parliamentary debates post 9/11 terrorist attacks. The author wanted to point out potential social ingroups and outgroups deriving from these discourses to see if the intergroup relations were constructed in a way that would have an impact on triggering the 7/7 terrorist attacks in London, United Kingdom in 2005. The main research question was: which social ingroups and outgroups regarding Muslims and Islam derived from the British parliamentary debates from 9/11 until 7/7 and how were the intergroup relations constructed?
To answer the main research question, the author of the thesis conducted a critical discourse analysis on five British parliamentary debates from 2001-2005. The coverage of Muslims and Islam in these debates was viewed through several theoretical explanations of ingroup and outgroup formation and intergroup relations.
The analysis revealed that Islam and the majority of Muslims were portrayed in a rather positive manner in the British parliamentary debates. Although it was clear that Muslims are perceived as an outgroup in British society, the will to help and integrate Muslim community was evident. The intergroup relations in the parliamentary discourses were not constructed in a way that would have an impact on triggering the 7/7 terrorist attacks.
The thesis contributes to the wider research of ingroup and outgroup formation and intergroup relations. Likewise, it contributes to the research of possible triggers for radicalism and terrorist movements.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5240864*es
FEUTURE EU 28 Country Report. Estonia
Get PDFRelations between Estonia and Turkey received renewed impetus after 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union (EU) (while Turkey was in the process of securing the official candidate status) and NATO, of which Turkey has been a member since 1952. Since its accession, Estonia has played a generally constructive role at the EU level when it comes to both its institutional future and enlargement policy. Its key tenets, thereby, seem in line with the principled open-door approach advocated by the fellow Nordic countries
Estonian and Lithuanian energy security: a change in threat perceptions in relation to Russian natural gas imports from 2009-2020
Get PDF
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
- …
