179,054 research outputs found
Raorchestes leucolatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text8. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. (Figures 2, 3 & 12; Tables 2 & 3) Holotype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 879 (CESF 1146), an adult male (SVL 16.9 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and and Mayavan in July 2010 from a wet evergreen forest site (10.9731 N, 76.6289 E), Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India. Paratype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 880 (CESF 1147), an adult male (SVL 17.1 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and Mayavan in July 2010 from a wet evergreen forest site (10.9731 N, 76.6289 E), Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Lineage diagnosis. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. can be diagnosed by its phylogenetic position within the Bombayensis clade (Fig 3) and exhibits moderate levels (16 S— 2.9 %) of divergence from its closest relative R. tuberohumerus. It also shows strong differences in morphology (Fig 12 a,d,e,f). The lineage is diagnosed based on its phylogenetic position, genetic divergence and morphological distinctness. Field diagnosis. Morphology. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. could be morphologically confused with its close relative R. tuberohumerus. However, it can be distinguished from R. tuberohumerus on many aspects of morphology. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. can be distinguished by its smaller size (males) 16.9 mm (16.2–17.1, n= 4) (vs. 18.4 mm (17.7 –19.0, n= 6) in R. tuberohumerus); head width, HW/SVL= 0.38 (0.37–0.39, n= 4) greater than head length, HL/SVL= 0.29 (0.28–0.31, n= 4) (vs. HW/SVL= 0.35 (0.33–0.36, n= 6) almost equal to head length (HL/SVL= 0.37 (0.36–0.40, n= 6) in R. tuberohumerus); shorter thigh length, TL/SVL= 0.45 (0.43–0.46, n= 4) (vs. TL/SVL= 0.50 (0.46–0.52, n= 6) in R. tuberohumerus); shorter foot length, FOL/SVL= 0.36 (0.35–0.36, n= 4) (vs. FOL/SVL= 0.40 (0.37–0.43) in R. tuberohumerus); groin region with white blotches (vs. groin region with yellow blotches in R. tuberohumerus; disc colour orange (vs. disc colour grey to brown in R. tuberohumerus). Geography. Found to be restricted to the mid-elevations of Elivalmalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details). Ecology. Found to be an understory forest species (n= 4) and was observed in short grasses and shrubs along the forest edges. Description of holotype (all measurements in mm). A small sized bush frog (SVL = 16.9 mm), width of head sub equal to head length (HW = 6.2 mm; HL = 5.2 mm), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 2.2 mm, EL = 2.3 mm). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region flat. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.1 mm) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 1.5 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.7 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.5, IBE = 5.8 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Eyes small, pupil horizontal. Tympanum indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular without papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder. Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III. Finger tips with well developed small disks (fd 3 = 0.8 mm; fw 3 = 0.5) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate and pre-pollex moderate. Supernumerary tubercles absent. Hind limb long, heels touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 7.8 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 7.5 mm); longer than foot (FOL = 6.1 mm) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 10.2 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing poor; web formula (I 1 - 1 II 1- 2 III 1- 2 IV 2 - 1 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches posterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent. Color in life. Dorsum maroon with a pair of distinct orange patch on the shoulder. An orange coloured horizontal broken band between the upper eyelids. Groin with distinct white blotches, ventrally varying shades of brown with irregular white spots on the belly. Throat darker towards lips, disks on finger and toes distinctly orange. Iris coarsely speckled with varying shades of golden brown, overlaid on an irregular brown markings. Distinct rufous edged speckles around the pupil (Fig 12 (b)). Etymology. The species is named after one of its distinct characteristics, the ‘white patch’ on the groin (Greek: leukos = white). Natural history and distribution. The species was discovered in the mid elevations (894–958 m, n= 2) and was observed at forested sites in the Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2) situated north of Palghat Gap. Currently there are no reports of any allied species from north of its range. The southern most range of R. tuberohumerus, its geographically closest relative, appears to be Wayanad plateau (Fig 1). Further surveys are needed to verify the occurrence of this species or any close relatives in the lower elevations of Nilgiri Massif.Published as part of Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 477-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28757
Raorchestes emeraldi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text5. Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. (Figures 2, 3 & 8; Tables 2 & 3) Holotype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 873 (CESF 1353), an adult male (SVL 36.5 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Saunak Pal in August 2011 from a site (10.3690 N, 76.9948 E) in a wet evergreen forest fragment, Valparai Plateau, Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India. Paratype: ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/ 874 (CESF 1365), an adult female (SVL 50.5 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Saunak Pal in August 2011 from a site (10.3919 N, 76.9942 E) in a wet evergreen forest fragment, Valparai Plateau, Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India. Lineage diagnosis. Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. can be diagnosed by its affinity to the Hassanensis clade (Fig 3) and in having moderate levels (16 S— 3.5 %) of divergence from its sister lineages R. ponmudi and R. hassanensis. Morphologically, it shows differences in the dorsum coloration (uniform green), groin patterns and iris coloration (Fig 8). Of the known species of Raorchestes, this species was found to be of the largest (50.5 mm: female). Phylogenetic position and morphological distinctness are the two axes on which this lineage is diagnosed. Field diagnosis. Morphology. Raorchestes emeraldi sp. nov. resembles its sister lineage R. ponmudi in overall morphometric characters, however it exhibits strong divergence in coloration from its sister lineages, R. hassanensis and R. ponmudi. It could be distinguished in having green dorsum (Fig 8 a) (vs. dorsum with varying shades of brown in R. ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009)); region of groin, front and back of thighs, under side of tibia and front of metatarsal with brown and yellow reticulated pattern (vs. posterior surface of thighs light chocolate brown vermiculated with grey patches of variable size in R. ponmudi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009); Additionally new species can be differentiated from other related congeners by the following combination of characters; (1) large adult size (SVL 36.5–50.5 mm, n= 2); (2) head width larger than head length (HW 15.2 –21.0 mm & HL 12.9–16.2 mm); (3) snout sub acuminate, sub equal to eye length (SL 5.0– 6.5 mm & EL 5.1–6.9 mm); (4) skin on dorsum lateral side smooth and ventral region granular; (5) dorsum green with minute yellow spots. Geography. Restricted to the Anaimalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details). Description of holotype (all measurements in mm). A large sized bush frog (SVL = 36.5 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 15.2 mm; HL = 12.9 mm), flat dorsally; snout short and sub acuminate, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 5.0 mm, EL = 5.1 mm). Canthus rostralis angular rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 4.0 mm) flat and equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 3.3 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.9 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 7.0, IBE = 13.3 mm). Nostrils oval and nearer to the tip of the snout. Moderate symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum moderate, rounded, visible behind the eye, 2.3 times less than the eye diameter (TYD = 2.2 mm). Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder. Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd 3 = 2.7 mm; fw 3 = 1.4 mm) with distinct circum-marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate, rounded and pre-pollex indistinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent. Hind limb long, heels touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 17.0 mm), slightly lesser than Shank/Tibia (ShL = 18.2 mm) length and foot (FOL = 16.0 mm) and much less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 26.0 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing medium, web formula (I 1 - 1 II ½- 1 III ½- 1 IV 1 - 0 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches posterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent. Color in life. Dorsum uniform green with scattered yellow spots (Fig 8 a); green colouration extending to canthus, arm up to ¼th of outer finger (rest of the fingers flesh coloured, finely speckled with brown), surface of femur, tibia, tarsus and base of outer two toes. Armpits are fleshy, purplish with fine brown specks. Upper lip golden white, lower lip and throat region iridescent off white. Lateral part of mid belly with yellow spots on a dark brown background. Groin, anterior and posterior femur with distinct yellow blotches on a dark brown background. Outer posterior orbital ring bluish green, upper edge of iris dark maroon, interior of iris golden brown with fine markings radiating towards the outer edge. Outer edges of the iris with a green wash (Fig 8 b). Etymology. The species is named after its dominant dorsum colour ‘emerald’. Natural history and distribution. We discovered this species from a rainforest fragment at the eastern edge of the Valparai plateau. It appears to be a forest species, occurring in the higher elevation (1249–1488, n = 7) wet evergreen forests of the Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2). It replaces R. ponmudi, a common species of the low and mid-elevations (mean ~ 900 m, n= 77) of southern parts of the Western Ghats. We suspect a narrow zone of overlap between these species around 1200–1400 m in the Valparai plateau.Published as part of Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 470-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28757
Right to information and freedom of expression
No full textDescribes the important initiatives in Freedom of Expression in selected countries and Library Associations like IFLA and ILA. Indian initiaves in this direction aslo described and the need of strong involvement from Library associations and library professionals in India, is also spotlighted
Astrobatrachus Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker 2019, gen. nov.
No full textType genus. — Astrobatrachus gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:28F98D95-3E1E-41BB- B7A1-CC6766432E22, by present designation. Etymology of the generic nomen. —From the Greek astro - for ‘star,’ referring to the starry spots, more prominent on the lateral sides of the body, and batrachus meaning ‘frog’. As per the nomenclatural act the gender of genus is ‘male.’Published as part of Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Pyron, Robert Alexander, Dinesh, K. P., Torsekar, Varun R., Srikanthan, Achyuthan N., Swamy, Priyanka, Stanley, Edward L., Blackburn, David C. & Shanker, Kartik, 2019, A new ancient lineage of frog (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae: Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.) endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India, pp. 1-28 in PeerJ 6457 on page 9, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457, http://zenodo.org/record/260898
Raorchestes aureus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text2. <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 2, 3 & 5; Tables 2 & 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/867 (CESF 1165), an adult male (SVL 24.8 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mrugank V. Prabhu in July 2010 from a high elevation site (10.9452 N, 76.6446 E) in Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Paratype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/868 (CESF 1164), an adult female (SVL 28.3), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mrugank V. Prabhu in July 2010 from a high elevation site (10.9452 N, 76.6446 E) in Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1), Western Ghats, Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Lineage diagnosis.</b> <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be diagnosed as a deeply divergent (16S—7.3%) lineage nested within a larger clade N (Fig 3). The lineage is isolated on the high elevations of Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2). Morphologically, it shows strong signatures of divergence from other similar relatives within clade N (see below). We use all the above criteria, genetic divergence, geographical range and morphology to diagnose this lineage. The relatives that potentially overlap in morphology and hence could be confused with this lineage within the clade N are discussed below.</p> <p> <b>Field diagnosis. Morphology.</b> <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> could be confused with <i>R. chromasynchysi</i> which occurs in sympatry (see remarks). However, the new species can be differentiated based on the shorter thigh length, TL/SVL=0.45 (0.44–0.45, n=4) (vs. TL/SVL=0.52 (0.50–0.54, n=3) in <i>R. chromasynchysi</i>); shorter tibia length, ShL/SVL=0.46 (0.45–0.47, n=4) (vs. ShL/SVL=0.51 (0.50–0.51, n=3) in <i>R</i>. <i>chromasynchysi</i>); in having a distinct golden iris (vs. silvery to light brown in <i>R. chromasynchysi</i>); dorsal coloration shades of brown (vs. very variable from shades of brown to green in <i>R. chromasynchysi</i>); anterior and posterior region of thigh (femur) characterized by distinct or faint cross bar with alternating darker and lighter shades of brown (vs. plain coloration on the posterior thigh and dark coloration with yellow blotches on the anterior thigh in <i>R</i>. <i>chromasynchysi</i>); lateral sides of irregular mottling of brown/yellow and green extending from groin to base of supratympanic fold (vs. distinct separation of dorsal and ventral coloration without any such mottling).</p> <p> <b>Geography.</b> Current data suggests a narrow restricted range to the high elevation of Elivalmalai Massif in the Western Ghats (see natural history and distribution for details).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype (all measurements in mm).</b> A small sized bush frog (SVL = 24.8 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 10.3 mm; HL = 8.3 mm), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 3.4 mm, EL = 3.7 mm). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.9 mm) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 2.6 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 5.0, IBE = 9.1 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum distinct, rounded, small, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.</p> <p>Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 = 1.4 mm; fw3 = 0.7) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded and pre-pollex tubercle oval, distinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.</p> <p>Hind limb long, heels overlap when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 11.2 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 12.1 mm); longer than foot (FOL = 9.7 mm) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 16.0 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing poor, web formula (I 1- 1 II 1- 2 III 1-2½ IV 2 ½- 1 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches anterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> Limbs faintly cross-barred, pattern extending towards the anterior and posterior parts of the thigh. Lateral sides characterized by irregular mottling of yellow and light green extending from groin to base of supratympanic fold. Ventral parts of head, body, hand and foot mottled, but more pronounced at the region of belly and throat. Iris distinct golden with brown edged coarse speckles around the pupil, visible even in the preserved specimens.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named after the consistent golden iris coloration (Latin: <i>aureus</i> = golden).</p> <p> <b>Natural history and distribution.</b> All the individuals were collected from forest edges in a grassland site and all males located were found calling at the ground level. It appears to be a range restricted species, recorded from a single high elevation (1524 m) site in Elivalmalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2). The elevational range within Elivalmalai needs additional field sampling.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>R. chromasynchysi</i> was known only from the type locality (Biju and Bossuyt 2009) and a recent record from north of its type locality (Dinesh and Radhakrishnan, 2012). We have uncovered multiple potential lineages across various Massifs and hill ranges in the central Western Ghats (see above under sub-clade composition). For the above quantitative comparison, we have used individuals from a shallow divergent lineage that overlap with the range of <i>Raorchestes aureus</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p>Published as part of <i>Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4)</i> on pages 464-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287578">http://zenodo.org/record/287578</a>
Commercial Contamination Control Practices Applicable for Protecting Crew and Environment
No full textR Vijayakumar, AERFIL, USAICES302: Physio-chemical Life Support- Air Revitalization Systems -Technology and Process DevelopmentThe 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in South Carolina, USA on 16 July 2017 through 20 July 2017Crewed space exploration poses several challenges for protecting the crew’s environment over a long period, as well as protecting the local extra terrestrial environment. Although some of the design challenges are unique to space exploration, the underlying technology and practice of maintaining the cleanliness of the air the crew breathes are commercially well established. This paper will survey commercial best practices in controlling and maintaining the desirable air quality in the crew cabins, mainly with respect to particulate matter in the cabin air. Commonly accepted industry practices for testing and specifying air filter products for these applications will also be addressed. The goal of the paper is to help with fluency in commercial contamination control practices and hence ensure effective designs of air quality systems for crewed habitats
Raorchestes flaviocularis Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text6. <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 2, 3, 9 & 10; Tables 2 & 3)</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/875 (CESF 1406) (SVL 26.5 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Varun R Torsekar in September 2011 from a disturbed forest fragment site (9.6064 N, 77.3033 E) located in a tea garden mosaic, Megamalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Paratype:</b> ZSI/ WGRC /V/A/876 (CESF 1251) (SVL 23.9), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and Mayavan in August 2010 from a disturbed forest fragment site (9.6064 N, 77.3033 E) located in a tea garden mosaic, Megamalai Massif (Fig 1), Peninsular India.</p> <p> <b>Lineage diagnosis.</b> <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be diagnosed phylogenetically as a member of the Ochlandrae clade (Fig 3), showing sister relationship to <i>Raorchestes chalazodes</i> (Fig 10 a) (see discussion below). Though it exhibits shallow divergence (16S—1.2 %) with its allopatric sister, we diagnose this lineage and consider it for description based on its phylogenetic position (Ochlandrae clade), distinct morphology (coloration and skin pattern), geographical range and acoustic divergence (Fig 9, 10).</p> <p> <b>Field diagnosis. Morphology.</b> <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> shows strong similarity with its sister lineage <i>R. chalazodes</i> in the morphometric variables considered. However, it exhibits very strong divergence in dorsum skin coloration and patterns (see Fig 9 a, 10b). In <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, the green dorsum coloration, with a lichen pattern, do not extend on to the hand and foot (vs. dorsal skin colour uniform green extending on to the hand and foot in <i>R. chalazodes</i> (Fig 10 a). It exhibits signatures of divergence in the limb length (shorter thigh/femur length (TL/SVL=0.40, 0.40–0.40, n=2) in <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> in comparison to <i>R. chalazodes</i> (TL/SVL=0.43, 0.40–0.45, n=3) and shorter tibia/shank length (ShL/SVL=0.42, 0.42–0.43, n=2) in <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> in comparison to <i>R. chalazodes</i> (ShL/SVL=0.45, 0.44–0.45, n=3). Additionally, the new species can be readily distinguished from all other close relatives by its iris pattern (characterized by very distinct small golden yellow patches on a dark background color) and also the dorsum coloration and skin pattern (Fig 9).</p> <p> <b>Behaviour.</b> <i>Raorchestes flaviocularis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> shows divergence from its sister lineage in its shorter call length (0.59±0.07 (N=19) vs. 2.11±0.42 (N=43) in <i>R. chalazodes</i>), low number of pulses (4.95±0.52 (N=19) vs. 21.08±3.47 (N=24) in <i>R. chalazodes</i>, lower pulse rate (7.36±0.62 (N=19) vs. 9.99±0.96 (N=24) in <i>R. chalazodes</i> and greater dominant frequency (2675.82±74.19 (N=38) vs. 2523.78±62.93 (N=23) in <i>R. chalazodes</i>) (Fig 10). Considering the short overlap in the range of dominant frequency of the calls of the two lineages, we mainly use strong divergence in the temporal call characteristics as an additional evidence for recognizing and naming this lineage.</p> <p> <b>Geography.</b> Restricted to the Megamalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype (all measurements in mm).</b> A small sized bush frog (SVL = 26.5 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW = 9.7 mm; HL = 6.7 mm), arched, flat dorsally; snout short and acuminate in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL = 2.6 mm, EL = 3.2 mm). Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.7 mm) flat, slightly broader than upper eyelid (UEW = 1.7 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 4.5, IBE = 8.2 mm). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum rather indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with a distinct retractile papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.</p> <p>Relative length of fingersI<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 = 2.0 mm; fw3 = 1.1 mm) with distinct circum-marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles indistinct and pre-pollex indistinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.</p> <p>Hind limb long, heels barely touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL = 10.2 mm), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL = 10.1 mm) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 15.4 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing moderate web formula (I 1- 1 II 1- 1 III 1- 2 IV 2- 1 V). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanic region. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> Dorsum with a distinct lichen pattern with uniform green colouration (Fig 9 (a)), the pattern broken irregularly exposing the brown fleshy skin colouration; dorsal pattern extends to mid belly laterally and to dorsal surface of femur, tibia and lower tarsus. Canthus region fleshy brown with occasional green patches in few individuals. Dorsal parts of arms, fingers and disc colour similar to canthus region. Groin, anterior and posterior femur, tibia and tarsus flesh coloured. Iris dark brown with distinct irregular golden yellow patches.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species is named after the ‘metallic yellow’ colour of the iris (Latin: <i>flavin</i> = yellow; <i>oculus</i> = eye).</p> <p> <b>Natural history and distribution.</b> A sub-canopy lineage (325 cm, n=2), it is difficult to locate due to its ventriloquistic call and occurrence in the sub-canopy. Like other members of the Ochlandrae clade, it was also heard calling from <i>Ochlandra</i> grass patches. However, the two individuals whose descriptions are given were obtained from a highly disturbed forest fragment, on leaves of short trees (<5 m). Calls were also recorded from high in the canopy. Considering the strong association of Ochlandrae clade lineages with <i>Ochlandra</i> reeds, further observations are needed to verify the habitat association of this new lineage. It is a species of high elevations (1459–1569 m, n =10), and restricted in distribution to the Upper Manalar Plateau, Megamalai Massif (Fig 1 & 2) in the southern Western Ghats. Based on our call recordings in the adjoining Anaimalai Massif (Fig 1), we anticipate a related lineage or an isolated population.</p>Published as part of <i>Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik, 2014, Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment, pp. 451-488 in Zootaxa 3893 (4)</i> on pages 472-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/287578">http://zenodo.org/record/287578</a>
Design of an Interface for Page Rank Calculation using Web Link Attributes Information
No full textThis paper deals with the Web Structure Mining and the different Structure Mining Algorithms like Page Rank, HITS, Trust Rank and Sel-HITS. The functioning of these algorithms are discussed. An incremental algorithm for calculation of PageRank using an interface has been formulated. This algorithm makes use of Web Link Attributes Information as key parameters and has been implemented using Visibility and Position of a Link. The application of Web Structure Mining Algorithm in an Academic Search Application has been discussed. The present work can be a useful input to Web Users, Faculty, Students and Web Administrators in a University Environment.HITS, Page Rank, Sel-HITS, Structure Mining
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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