130,712 research outputs found
European Union and Global Democracy
No full textIn order to deepen our understanding of the subject matter of the
EU and global democracy in a more analytic way, the book is structured in two parts, which deal respectively with the two main dimensions of the unique EU experiment of democracy beyond state borders.
In the first part, the internal aspect of EU regional democracy
approach is examined in the papers by Lukšič and Bahor, Vercauteren, Arató and Balazs. The papers in this part deal with several important issues. One of them is the question of participatory democracy as it enters the European institutional and constitutional debate, as well as how it can or cannot contribute to bridge the democratic gap between
rulers and ruled. A very interesting debate was raised around the issue of governance versus government as it appears in the context of crisis and transformation of nation state. This part of the book includes the analysis of the role of civil society in scope of the process of strengthening the democracy in the EU, but also incentive understanding of the EU as a practical and political project of the Kantian philosophical concept of perpetual peace.
In the second part of the volume, the external aspect of EU global
democracy approach is examined in the papers by Lane, Marchetti, Milardović, and Vujić. Primarily, analysis raised the question of global governance and discussed the importance of ongoing regionalization and development of new patterns of coordination between states. This part also brings the debate about ways in which EU may appear as a model for global democracy, particularly by analysing European foreign policy. Review of understandings of cosmopolitan model of Europeanization and its future scenarios is complemented with critical analysis of global democracies
Dicopper(I) oxalate complexes stabilized by Lewis bases: Potential precursors for copper deposition
No full textThe synthesis, characterization, and thermal behavior of the dicopper(l) oxalate complexes L2Cu2O4C2 (L = Me(3)SiCdropCSiMe(3) (1), Me(3)SicdropC(n)Bu (2), EtCdropCEt (3), H2C(H)(SiMe2Bu)-Bu-t(4), H2C=C(H)SiEt2Me (5), norbornene (6)) is reported. All complexes can be prepared in a straightforward manner by the reaction of stoichiometric amounts Of Cu2O and oxalic acid with 2 equiv of the respective alkyne or alkene. The complexes are stable at room temperature, and in solid form they can be handled in air for some time. Their thermal behavior was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The order of thermal stability was found to be 1 > 6 > 4 > 2 approximate to 3 > 5. Decomposition starts between 50 and 100degreesC and is completed between 300 and 350degreesC. All compounds fully decompose via an efficient internal redox process to give elemental copper, CO2, and the free alkyne or alkene ligands, which makes these new complexes promising precursors for copper deposition (in the case of 4, it is likely that H2C=C(H)SiMe2H and isobutene is formed via-hydrogen elimination from H2C=C(H)(SiMe2Bu)-Bu-t). Distinct two- or three-step decomposition sequences for the individual complexes are revealed by the TGA analyses and are discussed. The single-crystal X-ray structures of I and 3 are reported, which are the first for copper(I)/oxalato compounds. Both complexes exhibit the anticipated planar dinuclear structure with the oxalate in a mu-1,2,3,4 bridging mode and the alkynes or alkenes as capping ligands
Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany:the problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in early ontogeny
No full textThe taxonomy of the Late Jurassic pterodactyloid pterosaur Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 from the Solnhofen Limestone Formation of Bavaria, Germany is reviewed. Its nomenclatural history is long and complex, having been synonymised with both P. kochi (Wagner, 1837), and P. antiquus (Sömmerring, 1812). The majority of pterosaur species from the Solnhofen Limestone, including P. scolopaciceps are represented by juveniles. Consequently, specimens can appear remarkably similar due to juvenile characteristics detracting from taxonomic differences that are exaggerated in later ontogeny. Previous morphological and morphometric analyses have failed to separate species or even genera due to this problem, and as a result many species have been subsumed into a single taxon. A hypodigm for P. scolopaciceps, comprising of the holotype (BSP AS V 29 a/b) and material Broili referred to the taxon is described. P. scolopaciceps is found to be a valid taxon, but placement within Pterodactylus is inappropriate. Consequently, the new genus Aerodactylus is erected to accommodate it. Aerodactylus can be diagnosed on account of a unique suite of characters including jaws containing 16 teeth per-jaw, per-side, which are more sparsely distributed caudally and terminate rostral to the nasoantorbital fenestra; dorsal surface of the skull is subtly depressed rostral of the cranial table; rostrum very elongate (RI = ∼7), terminating in a point; orbits correspondingly low and elongate; elongate cervical vertebrae (approximately three times the length of their width); wing-metacarpal elongate, but still shorter than the ulna and first wing-phalanx; and pteroid approximately 65% of the total length of the ulna, straight and extremely thin (less than one third the width of the ulna). A cladistic analysis demonstrates that Aerodactylus is distinct from Pterodactylus, but close to Cycnorhamphus Seeley, 1870, Ardeadactylus Bennett, 2013a and Aurorazhdarcho Frey, Meyer and Tischlinger, 2011, consequently we erect the inclusive taxon Aurorazhdarchidae for their reception
Synthesis and structural characterization of an exclusively N-based tetrameric aluminum(I) compound
No full textThe synthesis and X-ray structure of the first exclusively N-based tetrameric complex [RAl](4) (1; R = 2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3)N(SiMe3)) are reported. 1 was prepared by the reduction of [RAlI2](2) (2) with Na/K alloy
Synthesis and structure of the heterobimetallic Yb(II) complex of composition L2Yb2LiI3 supported with the beta-diketiminato ligand [L = Et2NCH2CH2NC(Me)CHC(Me)NCH2CH2NEt2]
No full textThe heterobimetallic Yb(II) mixed ligand complex L2Yb2LiI3 1 has been prepared by the reaction of the lithium salt of the ligand L with the ytterbium diiodide. Compound I is characterized by single crystal X-ray structural analysis, multinuclear NMR and mass spectrometry. Complex 1 consists of LYbI and LLi units connected with the central Yb(l) atom. The latter is surrounded by the LYbI and LLi moieties in a sandwich like structure including two bridging iodine atoms. The NCCCN unsaturated system of the ligand in each of the units is almost planar and pi coordinated to the Yb(l) atom. These two planar units are tilted to each other and the pendant arms of the beta-diketiminato ligand in each moiety are bent. The metal atoms are located out of the NCCCN plane of the ligands and the three metal atoms in complex 1 form almost a straight line. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Syntheses and structures of molybdenum(IV) complexes with 3,5-dimethyl- and 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato ligands. Variable coordination modes and C-H bond activation
No full textTreatment of tetrakis(dimethylamido)molybdenum(IV) (Mo(NMe2)(4)) with 4 equiv of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Me(2)pzH) in pentane yields Mo(Me(2)pzH)(Me(2)pz)(3)(eta(2)-CH2NHCH3) (1), whereby the reaction with 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (t-Bu(2)pzH) leads to Mo(t-Bu(2)pz)(3)(NMe2) (2), independent of the molar ratio. The homoleptic Mo(t-Bu(2)pz)(4) (3) was synthesized from tetrachlorobis(tetrahydrofurano)molybdenum(IV) (MoCl4(thf)(2)) with 4 equiv of 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolatopotassium. (t-Bu(2)pzK). Magnetic measurements show the three complexes to be paramagnetic with two impaired electrons (1, 3.0; 2, 2.8; and 3, 2.8 mu(B), respectively). The molecular structures of all compounds determined by X-ray diffraction analysis are reported. Complex 1 reveals a eta(2)-coordinate CH2NHCH3 ligand arranged in an azametallacyclic fashion, verified by a small Mo-C-N angle and a typical C-N single bond length. The bonding mode of the pyrazolato ligands in all three compounds 1, 2, and 3 is influenced by the steric bulk around the metal center leading to eta(1)-, "slipped" eta(2)-, and eta(2)-coordinate ligands
A New Access to Multifunctional Linear Triquinanes and Their Homologues via α,β‐Unsaturated Fischer Carbene Complexes
No full textTwelve differently substituted tricyclic hydroxy ketones 7, 8 with [5-5-x] (x = 5, 6, 7) combinations of ring sizes were prepared in a single step in 43-91% yields (10 examples with 74-91%) from the corresponding protected (2'-oxocycloalkyl)methyl-substituted cyclopentadienes 6, which were obtained by cocyclization of the alkynes 5 with the beta-dimethylamino -substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated Fischer carbene complexes 4 in 38-81% yield (6 examples with 66-81%). In most cases, the cis, anti, cis-isomers anti-7 were the major products. While the twofold cis-fusion is favored by minimal ring strain, hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy and the carbonyl group probably favors the anti-configuration of the tricyclic skeletons. Acid-catalyzed dehydration of the hydroxy ketones anti-7aa, anti-7ba, anti-7ca afforded the corresponding tricyclic dienes 15aa/16aa, 15ba, and 15ca/16ca, respectively. ((c) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The taxonomy and phylogeny of <i>Diopecephalus kochi</i> (Wagner, 1837) and “<i>Germanodactylus rhamphastinus</i>” (Wagner, 1851): Taxonomy of <i>Diopecephalus</i> and <i>Germanodactylus</i>
No full textThe Solnhofen pterosaurs Pterodactylus antiquus, Aerodactylusscolopaciceps, Diopecephalus kochi, Germanodactylus cristatus and Germanodactylus rhamphastinus all have complicated taxonomic histories. Species originally placed in the genus Pterodactylus, such as Aerodactylus scolopaciceps, Ardeadactylus longicollum, Cycnorhamphus suevicus and Germanodactylus cristatus possess apomorphies not observed in the type species of Pterodactylus, and consequently have been placed in new genera. The affinities of another Solnhofen pterosaur previously placed in Pterodactylus, Diopecephalus kochi, are less clear. It has been proposed that D. kochi is a juvenile specimen of Pterodactylus antiquus, or perhaps “Germanodactylus rhamphastinus” specimens are mature examples of D. kochi. Furthermore, studies have suggested that “Germanodactylus rhamphastinus” is not congeneric with the type species of Germanodactylus. Geometric morphometric analysis of prepubes and a cladistic analysis of the Pterosauria elucidate plesiomorphic and apomorphic conditions for basal Jurassic pterodactyloids. Germanodactylus is found to be a monotypic genus and Pterodactylus, Diopecephalus, and “G. rhamphastinus” are found as distinct taxa belonging in individual genera, diagnosable using a combination of characters. Thus, Diopecephalus kochi is not demonstrated to be congeneric with Germanodactylus or Pterodactylus and is maintained as a valid taxon. “G. rhamphastinus” is readily distinguishable from other Solnhofen pterosaur taxa, and a new genus is erected for its reception
‐bridging Carbonate Cap
No full textA bis(tridentate) compartmental pyrazolate-based ligand forms the discrete dizinc(II) complex[LZn2(NO3)(3)] (1) with a singly O-atom bridging nitrate and two terminal chelating nitrates. In the absence of coordinating counteranions, the dizinc(II) scaffold takes up atmospheric carbon dioxide to give a tetranuclear species 3 assembled from two dinuclear components. Its X-ray crystal structure reveals a mu(4)-bridging carbonate cap, which is a rare structural motif in zinc(II) coordination chemistry
Symmetric Tetraalkynyldisilanes
No full textThe reaction of the tetrachlorodisilane R2Si2Cl4 (1) [R = CH(SiMe3)(2)] with the lithium salt R C=CLi of the parent alkyne results in the replacement of the chlorine atoms with alkynyl groups to yield the product R2Si2(C=CR )(4) [R = Ph (2), tBu (3), SiMe3 (4), n-C3H7 (5)]. Compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. ((C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
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