125,179 research outputs found
Roads, verges and nature
No full textRoads form vast and pervasive networks across the earth, with diverse and often profound negative environmental impacts. However, these roads are bordered by a parallel network of habitats in the form of road verges. In this thesis, I propose that roads present a nearly ubiquitous environmental pressure, but that their verges offer an equally widespread opportunity to benefit nature, the environment and, as a result, people. I begin by using spatial mapping and modelling to estimate the extent of road pollution, in various forms, across Great Britain. This reveals that half of land is less than 216 m from a road, and that roads have a zone of influence that extends across > 70% of the land area. Whilst high levels of road pollution are estimated to be relatively localised, low levels are pervasive. Second, I synthesise the literature to determine the global potential of road verges for mitigating such pollution, for supporting nature and for providing further environmental and social benefits via ecosystem services. I estimate that road verges may currently cover 270,000 km2 globally, and that they provide a wide range of benefits, including biodiversity provision, regulating services (e.g. air and water filtration) and cultural services (e.g. health and aesthetic benefits by providing access to nature). However, verges also displace other habitats and provide ecosystem disservices (e.g. plant allergens and damage to infrastructure). Third, I use satellite and ground-level imagery to estimate the extent of road verges across Great Britain and to explore their potential to benefit nature, the environment and people. I estimate that there are 2579 km2 (2149-3010 km2) of road verges in Great Britain, equivalent to 1.2% of land area, of which 707 km2 (27.5%) is short, frequently-mown grassland, 1062 km2 (40.9%) is regular grassland, 480 km2 (18.7%) is woodland, and 272 km2 (10.7%) is scrub. Only 27% of frequently-mown grassland verges contain trees, indicating potential for planting trees and shrubs to provide environmental and social benefits. Fourth, I take insect pollinators as a case study and, using a combination of roadside surveys, field experiments, a literature review, and meta-analyses, determine the suitability of road verges for pollinator conservation, and how they could be enhanced for this purpose. The findings demonstrate that road verges can be hotspots of flowers and pollinators in human-dominated landscapes, but that traffic and road pollution can cause mortality and other negative impacts on pollinators. Surveys in Cornwall, UK, show that pollinator densities are lower closer to the road edge – particularly within the first 2 m (55% lower than at 7-9 m) – where pollution is greatest. Field experiments reveal that these trends can be explained by pollinators being deterred by turbulence, and avoiding concentrations of metals that are more frequently found in flowers within 2 m of roads. Overall, evidence suggests that the benefits of road verges for pollinators outweigh the negative impacts of road pollution and pollinator-vehicle collisions. The research shows clearly that road verges already provide many environmental and social benefits, but that these could be enhanced considerably through strategic design and management. Several reoccurring management recommendations are reducing mowing frequencies to no more than twice per year, leaving some areas uncut on rotation, and planting trees in urban verges and in low quality verge habitats. I finish by reflecting on the project and its outcomes, and on the remaining barriers to managing road verges for nature, the environment and people. This reveals the most important directions for future research, namely, the importance of overcoming social barriers to change that inhibit uptake of environmental management recommendations.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) Uni
Roads, verges and nature
No full textRoads form vast and pervasive networks across the earth, with diverse and often profound negative environmental impacts. However, these roads are bordered by a parallel network of habitats in the form of road verges. In this thesis, I propose that roads present a nearly ubiquitous environmental pressure, but that their verges offer an equally widespread opportunity to benefit nature, the environment and, as a result, people. I begin by using spatial mapping and modelling to estimate the extent of road pollution, in various forms, across Great Britain. This reveals that half of land is less than 216 m from a road, and that roads have a zone of influence that extends across > 70% of the land area. Whilst high levels of road pollution are estimated to be relatively localised, low levels are pervasive. Second, I synthesise the literature to determine the global potential of road verges for mitigating such pollution, for supporting nature and for providing further environmental and social benefits via ecosystem services. I estimate that road verges may currently cover 270,000 km2 globally, and that they provide a wide range of benefits, including biodiversity provision, regulating services (e.g. air and water filtration) and cultural services (e.g. health and aesthetic benefits by providing access to nature). However, verges also displace other habitats and provide ecosystem disservices (e.g. plant allergens and damage to infrastructure). Third, I use satellite and ground-level imagery to estimate the extent of road verges across Great Britain and to explore their potential to benefit nature, the environment and people. I estimate that there are 2579 km2 (2149-3010 km2) of road verges in Great Britain, equivalent to 1.2% of land area, of which 707 km2 (27.5%) is short, frequently-mown grassland, 1062 km2 (40.9%) is regular grassland, 480 km2 (18.7%) is woodland, and 272 km2 (10.7%) is scrub. Only 27% of frequently-mown grassland verges contain trees, indicating potential for planting trees and shrubs to provide environmental and social benefits. Fourth, I take insect pollinators as a case study and, using a combination of roadside surveys, field experiments, a literature review, and meta-analyses, determine the suitability of road verges for pollinator conservation, and how they could be enhanced for this purpose. The findings demonstrate that road verges can be hotspots of flowers and pollinators in human-dominated landscapes, but that traffic and road pollution can cause mortality and other negative impacts on pollinators. Surveys in Cornwall, UK, show that pollinator densities are lower closer to the road edge – particularly within the first 2 m (55% lower than at 7-9 m) – where pollution is greatest. Field experiments reveal that these trends can be explained by pollinators being deterred by turbulence, and avoiding concentrations of metals that are more frequently found in flowers within 2 m of roads. Overall, evidence suggests that the benefits of road verges for pollinators outweigh the negative impacts of road pollution and pollinator-vehicle collisions. The research shows clearly that road verges already provide many environmental and social benefits, but that these could be enhanced considerably through strategic design and management. Several reoccurring management recommendations are reducing mowing frequencies to no more than twice per year, leaving some areas uncut on rotation, and planting trees in urban verges and in low quality verge habitats. I finish by reflecting on the project and its outcomes, and on the remaining barriers to managing road verges for nature, the environment and people. This reveals the most important directions for future research, namely, the importance of overcoming social barriers to change that inhibit uptake of environmental management recommendations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Salvador Verges, Dimension trascendente de la persona (Biblioteca Herder, Seccion de Filosofia y Teologia, 151), 1978
No full textB. E. Salvador Verges, Dimension trascendente de la persona (Biblioteca Herder, Seccion de Filosofia y Teologia, 151), 1978. In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 53, fascicule 3-4, 1979. Tradition et vérité. p. 328
Ecosystem service provision by road verges
No full textThis is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this record.1. Roads form a vast, rapidly-growing global network that has diverse, detrimental ecological impacts.
However, the habitats that border roads (‘road verges’) form a parallel network that might help
mitigate these impacts and provide additional benefits (ecosystem services; ES).
2. We evaluate the capacity of road verges to provide ES by reviewing existing research and
considering their relevant characteristics; area, connectivity, shape, and contextual ES supply and
demand. We consider the present situation, and how this is likely to change based on future
projections for growth in road extent, traffic densities and urban populations.
3. Road verges provide a wide range of ES, including biodiversity provision, regulating services (e.g. air
and water filtration) and cultural services (e.g. health and aesthetic benefits by providing access to
nature), but also displace other habitats and provide ecosystem disservices (e.g. allergens and damage
to infrastructure). Globally, road verges may currently cover 270,000 km2 and store 0.015 Gt C year-1 ,
which will further increase with 70% projected growth in the global road network.
4. Road verges are well-placed to mitigate traffic pollution and address demand for ES in surrounding
ES-impoverished landscapes, thereby improving human health and wellbeing in urban areas, and
improving agricultural production and sustainability in farmland. Demand for ES provided by road
verges will likely increase due to projected growth in traffic densities and urban populations, though
traffic pollution will be reduced by technological advances (e.g. electric vehicles). Road verges form a
highly-connected network, which may enhance ES provision but facilitate the dispersal of invasive
species and increase vehicle-wildlife collisions.
5. Synthesis and applications.
Road verges offer a significant opportunity to mitigate the negative ecological effects of roads and to
address demand for ES in surrounding ES-impoverished landscapes. Their capacity to provide ES might
be enhanced considerably if they were strategically designed and managed for environmental
outcomes, namely by optimizing the selection, position and management of plant species and
habitats. Specific opportunities include reducing mowing frequencies and planting trees in large
verges. Road verge management for ES must consider safety guidelines, financial costs and ecosystem
disservices, but is likely to provide long-term financial returns if environmental benefits are taken into
account.Natural Environment Research Counci
Salvador Verges, Dimension trascendente de la persona (Biblioteca Herder, Seccion de Filosofia y Teologia, 151), 1978
No full textB. E. Salvador Verges, Dimension trascendente de la persona (Biblioteca Herder, Seccion de Filosofia y Teologia, 151), 1978. In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 53, fascicule 3-4, 1979. Tradition et vérité. p. 328
Ecosystem service provision by road verges
No full text1. Roads form a vast, rapidly growing global network that has diverse, detrimental ecological impacts. However, the habitats that border roads (‘road verges’) form a parallel network that might help mitigate these impacts and provide additional benefits (ecosystem services; ES).
2. We evaluate the capacity of road verges to provide ES by reviewing existing research and considering their relevant characteristics: area, connectivity, shape, and contextual ES supply and demand. We consider the present situation, and how this is likely to change based on future projections for growth in road extent, traffic densities and urban populations.
3. Road verges not only provide a wide range of ES, including biodiversity provision, regulating services (e.g. air and water filtration) and cultural services (e.g. health and aesthetic benefits by providing access to nature) but also displace other habitats and provide ecosystem disservices (e.g. plant allergens and damage to infrastructure). Globally, road verges may currently cover 270,000 km2 and store 0.015 Gt C/year, which will further increase with 70% projected growth in the global road network.
4. Road verges are well placed to mitigate traffic pollution and address demand for ES in surrounding ES‐impoverished landscapes, thereby improving human health and well‐being in urban areas, and improving agricultural production and sustainability in farmland. Demand for ES provided by road verges will likely increase due to projected growth in traffic densities and urban populations, though traffic pollution will be reduced by technological advances (e.g. electric vehicles). Road verges form a highly connected network, which may enhance ES provision but facilitate the dispersal of invasive species and increase vehicle–wildlife collisions.
5. Synthesis and applications. Road verges offer a significant opportunity to mitigate the negative ecological effects of roads and to address demand for ecosystem services (ES) in urban and agricultural landscapes. Their capacity to provide ES might be enhanced considerably if they were strategically designed and managed for environmental outcomes, namely by optimizing the selection, position and management of plant species and habitats. Specific opportunities include reducing mowing frequencies and planting trees in large verges. Road verge management for ES must consider safety guidelines, financial costs and ecosystem disservices, but is likely to provide long‐term financial returns if environmental benefits are considered
Ecosystem service provision by road verges
No full text1. Roads form a vast, rapidly-growing global network that has diverse, detrimental ecological impacts.
However, the habitats that border roads (‘road verges’) form a parallel network that might help
mitigate these impacts and provide additional benefits (ecosystem services; ES).
2. We evaluate the capacity of road verges to provide ES by reviewing existing research and
considering their relevant characteristics; area, connectivity, shape, and contextual ES supply and
demand. We consider the present situation, and how this is likely to change based on future
projections for growth in road extent, traffic densities and urban populations.
3. Road verges provide a wide range of ES, including biodiversity provision, regulating services (e.g. air
and water filtration) and cultural services (e.g. health and aesthetic benefits by providing access to
nature), but also displace other habitats and provide ecosystem disservices (e.g. allergens and damage
to infrastructure). Globally, road verges may currently cover 270,000 km2 and store 0.015 Gt C year-1 ,
which will further increase with 70% projected growth in the global road network.
4. Road verges are well-placed to mitigate traffic pollution and address demand for ES in surrounding
ES-impoverished landscapes, thereby improving human health and wellbeing in urban areas, and
improving agricultural production and sustainability in farmland. Demand for ES provided by road
verges will likely increase due to projected growth in traffic densities and urban populations, though
traffic pollution will be reduced by technological advances (e.g. electric vehicles). Road verges form a
highly-connected network, which may enhance ES provision but facilitate the dispersal of invasive
species and increase vehicle-wildlife collisions.
5. Synthesis and applications.
Road verges offer a significant opportunity to mitigate the negative ecological effects of roads and to
address demand for ES in surrounding ES-impoverished landscapes. Their capacity to provide ES might
be enhanced considerably if they were strategically designed and managed for environmental
outcomes, namely by optimizing the selection, position and management of plant species and
habitats. Specific opportunities include reducing mowing frequencies and planting trees in large
verges. Road verge management for ES must consider safety guidelines, financial costs and ecosystem
disservices, but is likely to provide long-term financial returns if environmental benefits are taken into
account
Título: Ruina de el idolo que el Rever\pmo\s Padre Fray Hermenegildo de San Pablo soñò venerado en el Monte Carmelo, en tiempo de el Emperador Vespasiano
No full textCopia digital : Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza. Servicio de Archivos y Bibliotecas, 2011Autor tomado de la segunda port.Segunda port., con tít.: "Ruina de el idolo que el Rever\pmo\s Padre Fray Hermenegildo de San Pablo soñò venerado en el Monte Carmelo, en tiempo de el Emperador Vespasiano / derribalo Fray Laurencio Angelo Espin, Carmelita ...; con quatro indices ... de autores citados, de lugares de Escritura y cosas notables ...", en *\b2\sSign.: *-2*\p6\s, 3*\p2\s, A\b3-6\s, B-S\p6\s, T\p4\s, V\p6\sTexto a dos col.Port. con orla tip. y esc. xil. de las Carmelitas, hay otro esc. xil. de la misma Orden en h. 3*\b2v\
- …
