6,646 research outputs found
Le banche e il processo di valutazione del merito di credito degli Enti Locali italiani: dal rating esterno ad un modello di analisi interno
No full textIn seguito al recepimento della nuova disciplina di vigilanza prudenziale, le banche possono optare per due metodi alternativi per il calcolo dei requisiti patrimoniali minimi a fronte del rischio di credito: il metodo standardizzato, che prevede il ricorso ai rating esterni forniti da Agenzie specializzate, ed il metodo dei rating interni, basato su modelli testati internamente dalle banche. Mentre da tempo sono state implementate metodologie interne per il calcolo del rating del segmento imprese (peraltro, ancora non del tutto affidabili), sono poche le banche che hanno sviluppato una valutazione interna delle amministrazioni statali e locali e non si trova, inoltre, adeguato supporto teorico da parte della letteratura scientifica.
Partendo da tale premessa, il presente lavoro di ricerca si propone di analizzare le metodologie di valutazione adottate dalle Agenzie di rating per individuare quali fattori economico-finanziari incidono in maggior misura sui sub-sovereign credit rating assegnati agli Enti Locali italiani, anche allo scopo di poter mutuare tali metodologie nei processi di valutazione del merito di credito delle banche. A tal fine, è stato applicato un modello probit ordinato multinomiale ad oltre 310 rating assegnati da Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s e Fitch Ratings ad un campione di Province e Comuni capoluogo italiani tra il 2004 e il 2008.
I risultati dell’analisi aggregata consentono di confermare in parte le attese teoriche, evidenziando altresì le divergenze di valutazione tra Agenzie riscontrate in letteratura. In particolare, solo l’indicatore macro-economico rappresentativo del PIL locale pro-capite appare statisticamente significativo e di segno atteso, mentre le variabili di natura strutturale e comportamentale degli Enti sono significative solo per due Agenzie, ma non sempre rispettano il segno atteso. Contrariamente alle attese teoriche e alle evidenze empiriche emergenti in letteratura, il livello di indebitamento locale pro-capite nonché l’indicatore del fabbisogno finanziario non risultano essere statisticamente significativi.
Alla luce di tali evidenze, lo studio contribuisce ad arricchire lo stato dell’arte sulla c.d. public finance con spunti di ricerca che offrono importanti implicazioni anche di carattere operativo.Following the adoption of the new capital adequacy and requirements rules, banks currently have two options in order to calculate the minimum capital requirements for credit risk: the standardised approach, supported by external credit assessments, and the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach, relied on banks’ own internal estimates. While banks have been implementing (not quite reliable yet) internal methodologies to estimate corporate ratings long ago, there are not many banks which currently assess state and local governments, and also literature investigates this theme not much.
So the research aims analyzing Agencies’ methodologies to identify which are the economic and financial determinants of Italian local government ratings, so as to transfer Agencies’ experience inside banks. Consequently, this analysis applies a multinomial ordered probit model to more than 310 Italian sub-sovereign ratings, as overall assigned by Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings in the period 2004-2008.
The results of pooled analysis allow to partially confirm theoretical expectations, and highlight differences of valuation among Agencies as shown in literature. So, only the local GDP per capita is statistically significant and has the expected sign, while other structural and behavioural variables are significant just for two Agencies, but sometimes have the unexpected sign. Instead, contrary to theoretical expectations and empirical evidences from literature, both local debt per capita and borrowing needs are never statistically significant.
So this study contributes to improve the literature on public finance pointing out relevant managerial and operational implications too
Competing conventions: The Big Branders’ struggle to incorporate new quality conceptions in the Norwegian food market
No full textThe paper addresses recent changes in the Norwegian agrifood industry from the analytical perspective of quality conventions. Storper and Salais’ “worlds of production” plus Boltanski and Thévenots’ “orders of worth” are used as a basis for the empirical study. First, the paper discusses how the largest Norwegian branders try to strategically adapt to “novel” quality attributes like health-enhancing food, origin/terroir, environmental sustainability and ethics. Second, the paper investigates the companies’ quality signalling strategy: How are these “novel” qualities communicated to consumers? Multiple options are available: Do they attempt to systematically incorporate “novel qualities” into their private brand equity (“conventionalizing qualities”)? Do they prefer a co-labelling scheme with a third party control, or do they use any other measures for quality signalling? The paper thereby discusses how the largest Norwegian branders in the food sector cope with conflicting and competing quality conventions.Food quality, economics of convention., Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,
Serial Recall Order and Semantic Features of Category Fluency Words to Study Semantic Memory in Normal Ageing
No full textCopyright © 2021 De Marco, Blackburn and Venneri. Background: Category Fluency Test (CFT) is a common measure of semantic memory (SM). Test performance, however, is also influenced by other cognitive functions. We here propose a scoring procedure that quantifies the correlation between the serial recall order (SRO) of words retrieved during the CFT and a number of linguistic features, to obtain purer SM measures. To put this methodology to the test, we addressed a proof-of-concept hypothesis whereby, in alignment with the literature, older adults would show better SM.
Methods: Ninety participants (45 aged 18–21 years; 45 aged 70–81 years) with normal neurological and cognitive functioning completed a 1-min CFT. SRO was scored as an ordinal variable incrementing by one unit for each valid entry. Each word was also scored for 16 additional linguistic features. Participant-specific normalised correlation coefficients were calculated between SRO and each feature and were analysed with group comparisons and graph theory.
Results: Younger adults showed more negative correlations between SRO and “valence” (a feature of words pleasantness). This was driven by the first five words generated. When analysed with graph theory, SRO had significantly higher degree and lower betweenness centrality among older adults.
Conclusion: In older adults, SM relies significantly less on pleasantness of entries typically retrieved without semantic control. Moreover, graph-theory metrics indicated better optimised links between SRO and linguistic features in this group. These findings are aligned with the principle whereby SM processes tend to solidify with ageing. Although additional work is needed in support of an SRO-based item-level scoring procedure of CFT performance, these initial findings suggest that this methodology could be of help in characterising SM in a purer form.Neurocare (United Kingdom), Grant agreement No. 181924 to MDM and AV; Alzheimer’s Research United Kingdom, Pump Priming Grant scheme to MDM
The Worldview and the Author´s (Self)Reflection in Czech Contemporary Historiography
No full textCílem studie je představit možnosti, jak na základě publikovaných autorských textů zkoumat světový názor historiků a historiček, zejména v oboru soudobých dějin, kde lze předpokládat vliv jejich hodnotového horizontu na interpretaci relativně nedávné minulosti. Autor nejprve vymezuje pojetí světového názoru vzhledem ke stanovenému záměru a zdůvodňuje analytické užití tohoto pojmu v historiografickém textu, v daném kontextu se také zamýšlí nad vztahem paměti, dějin a historiografie. Konstatuje, že poměrně málo českých historiků a historiček dosud reflektuje vztah (individuální či kolektivní) paměti a práce dějepisce, zvláště s ohledem na jeho pozici v současné společnosti, která bývá často redukována na roli objektivního „objevitele historické pravdy“. Taková (sebe)reflexe předpokládá přiznání vlivu individuálního světového názoru historika (komplexu názorů a postojů formovaných výchovou, vzděláním, vzpomínkami, generační příslušností a podobně) na jeho vědeckou činnost. Autor studie nabízí dvě možné a vzájemně se doplňující cesty k poznání historikova světového názoru: jednak prostřednictvím vlastních svědectví a prohlášení z jeho osobněji laděných textů a egodokumentů (eseje, rozhovory, vzpomínky, příspěvky na sociálních sítích), jednak analýzou jeho vědeckých textů (časopiseckých studií, knižních monografií, recenzí). Oba přístupy autor dokumentuje na konkrétních příkladech z produkce historiků a historiček českých soudobých dějin. V závěru studie pak nastiňuje cíle a smysl zkoumání historikova světového názoru.The aim of this study is to present the opportunities for research into the worldview of historians, especially historians focused on contemporary history, where it can be assumed that their set of values may influence their interpretation of the rela-tively recent past. The author first defines the notion of worldview and justifies the analytical use of this concept in historiographical texts. He also considers the relationship between memory, history and historiography in the given context. The author states that not many Czech historians have so far reflected on the relationship between (individual and collective) memory and the work of the historian, especially with regard to his or her position in contemporary society, which is often reduced to the role of an objective “discoverer of historical truth”. Such (self)reflection presupposes the acknowledgement of the influence of the historian’s individual worldview (a complex of opinions and attitudes shaped by upbringing, education, memories, generational affiliation and so on) on his or her scholarly activity. The author of the study offers two possible and complementary ways to learn about the historian’s worldview: first, through his or her own testimonies and statements from more personal texts and ego-documents (essays, interviews, memoirs or social me-dia posts), and second, through the analysis of his or her scholarly texts (journal studies, monographs and book reviews). The author demonstrates both approaches with concrete examples of works by historians of Czech contemporary history and concludes by outlining the aims and purpose of examining the historian’s worldview. © 2022, Institute of Contemporary History of the Czech Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Inventering av biologiskt kulturarv
No full textFältmanual till biologiskt kulturarv Föreliggande skrift är framför allt en fältmanual till biologiskt kulturarv (och ett urval av andra biologiska kulturbärare), en checklista med bilder och beskrivningar. Det tar också upp några aspekter på själva metodiken för inventering, kartering och tolkning. Fältmanualen omfattar de vanligaste aspekterna av biologiskt kulturarv som man kan hitta i svenska landskap från söder till norr. Listan beskriver biologiskt kulturarv huvudsakligen från nivåerna egenskaper, individer och artförekomster enligt RAÄ:s indelning
Sammanställning av småskalig skogsutrustning
No full textDenna skrift är en sammanställning av utrustning för småskaligt skogsbruk. Redovisat data härrör från samtliga funna tillverkare och generalagenter som saluförde utrustning relevant för sammanställningen. Tillverkare och generalagenter återfanns genom existerande marknadsöversikter, internetportaler och genomgång av försäljningsannonser i branschtidningar. Sammanställningen gör dock ej anspråk på att vara helt komplett. Sammanställningsarbetet utfördes under tiden mars 2003 till september 2004. Skriften utgör en del i doktorandkursen Det självverksamma skogsbrukets teknik. Arbetet har utförts inom ramen för forskningsprogrammet Arbetsmiljö och effektivare teknik FÖR privata skogsbrukare (FÖR-programmet) vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) i Umeå.
Redovisade cirkapriser anges exklusive moms och frakt, och för utrustningen i standardutförande ett angivet datum. I de fall priser anges i utländsk valuta är det cirkapris i tillverkningslandet. I vissa fall har tillverkaren eller generalagenten inte velat ange något cirkapris. Där inget annat anges innehas rättigheterna till foton av respektive tillverkare eller generalagent och återges med deras tillstånd. Variationen mellan tillverkares data är i vissa fall stor, varför sammanställda tekniska data inte alltid är konsekvent angivna
Skyddet av kulturvärden i omställningen till ett koldioxidneutralt samhälle [Elektronisk resurs] : – En studie av det rättsliga skyddet av kulturvärden mot installation av solceller i plan- och bygglagen respektive kulturmiljölagen
No full textInstalling solar cells on rooftops is a common measure for reducing a building’s external energy consumption and increasing the proportion of renewable energy in the energy system. However, installing solar cells can mean that the general interest in preserving cultural value is negatively affected. This article describes the protection of cultural value by examining the legal protection of cultural value of church monuments according to the Historic Environmental Act (HEA) and “particularly valuable” buildings according to the Planning and Building Act (PBA). Following a general description of the legal protection of culture value follows a presentation of how the protection of cultural value relates to the installation of solar cells in the application of the respective legislation. The article concludes with an analysis of how strong the protection against distortion is for church monuments and “particularly valuable” buildings. The author has found that there are differences in which arguments are given importance for whether a solarcell installation may take place. The author suggests that neither arguments about the reversibility of the installation, nor environmental and climate justifications should be taken into consideration with regard to the design and purpose of the legislation. The author also argues that the protection against distortion, in theory, is stronger for “particularly valuable” buildings, according to the PBA, than for church monuments, according to HEA.This is especially true since the “use value” of a church is credited with the cultural value of the church. However, the author suggests that a distortion should rarely be allowed, since alternative solutions should be possible. Hence, a distortion of cultural value through the installation of solar cells is not a necessary measure – neither for the climate nor the church’s continued operation. </p
Johan Risell Samlade dikter : Utgivna med inledning och kommentarer av Lars Burman
No full textJohan Risell, Samlade dikter. Utgivna med inledning och kommentarer av Lars Burman. (Johan Risell, Collected Poems. Edited with introduction and commentary by Lars Burman.) Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Vitterhetssamfundet. Svenska författare. Ny serie, xxxii + 296 p. Stockholm. ISBN 978-91-7230-213-6 Johan Risell (1697–1724) was a highly acclaimed Swedish poet during the early 18th century. However, he has gradually been forgotten, possibly because of his early death and the changing times and literary ideals, but mainly because only seven poems have been known to his name. During the 20th century, he did not receive attention.Due to a recent manuscript find in Karlstad in Värmland, 61 poems by Risell are now known. This volume presents a critical edition of his poems. Notwithstanding his death at the age of only 27, Risell is shown to have been a diligent and varied author, writing orations and occasional verse to further his career, but also excelling in satires and songs to entertain his friends. It is clear that he performed his orations and songs, and he appears as a Swedish example of an early modern singer-songwriter. The student setting of Uppsala was important. In many of his poems and songs he celebrates a joyful bohemian way of life, in others, he appears as a melancholic lover. His vivid imagination, emotional appeal and oral qualities are to be noted. The themes of love and war are prominent. His more than two dozen song-texts are particularly notable, as it is shown that many of these were widely spread during the 18th century, though without attribution. They appear in handwritten songbooks and a few were printed in chapbooks. Johan Risell was a vicar’s son from Värmland and Dalsland, who matriculated at Uppsala University 1717, but never received a degree. After working as a tutor for richer families, he finally was appointed »stadssekreterare« (a local administrative position calling for some training in law) in Köping. He died in Uppsala before he could take up office.Vetenskaplig textkritisk utgåva. Critical edition.</p
Johan Risell Samlade dikter : Utgivna med inledning och kommentarer av Lars Burman
No full textJohan Risell, Samlade dikter. Utgivna med inledning och kommentarer av Lars Burman. (Johan Risell, Collected Poems. Edited with introduction and commentary by Lars Burman.) Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Vitterhetssamfundet. Svenska författare. Ny serie, xxxii + 296 p. Stockholm. ISBN 978-91-7230-213-6 Johan Risell (1697–1724) was a highly acclaimed Swedish poet during the early 18th century. However, he has gradually been forgotten, possibly because of his early death and the changing times and literary ideals, but mainly because only seven poems have been known to his name. During the 20th century, he did not receive attention.Due to a recent manuscript find in Karlstad in Värmland, 61 poems by Risell are now known. This volume presents a critical edition of his poems. Notwithstanding his death at the age of only 27, Risell is shown to have been a diligent and varied author, writing orations and occasional verse to further his career, but also excelling in satires and songs to entertain his friends. It is clear that he performed his orations and songs, and he appears as a Swedish example of an early modern singer-songwriter. The student setting of Uppsala was important. In many of his poems and songs he celebrates a joyful bohemian way of life, in others, he appears as a melancholic lover. His vivid imagination, emotional appeal and oral qualities are to be noted. The themes of love and war are prominent. His more than two dozen song-texts are particularly notable, as it is shown that many of these were widely spread during the 18th century, though without attribution. They appear in handwritten songbooks and a few were printed in chapbooks. Johan Risell was a vicar’s son from Värmland and Dalsland, who matriculated at Uppsala University 1717, but never received a degree. After working as a tutor for richer families, he finally was appointed »stadssekreterare« (a local administrative position calling for some training in law) in Köping. He died in Uppsala before he could take up office.Vetenskaplig textkritisk utgåva. Critical edition.</p
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