317 research outputs found
Bilgisayar profesörü felsefeyle ne yapar?
No full textBilkent Üniversitesi'nde bu yıl [2003] açılan Felsefe Bölümü’nün başkanlığını yürüten ve ana ilgi alanı yapay zekâ olan Prof. Dr. Varol Akman, yapay zekâyla felsefenin ilişkisini ve Felsefe Bölümü'nün özelliklerini anlattı. (An interview published in Bilkent Magazine about the then new Bilkent Philosophy Department.
Dashes As Typographical Cues For The Information Structure (Extended Abstract)
No full text) Bilge Say and Varol Akman Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science Faculty of Engineering, Bilkent University Bilkent, Ankara 06533, Turkey Phone: [90] (312) 266--4133 (secretary) Fax: [90] (312) 266--4126 fsay,[email protected] Conference Topic: Information-based approaches to syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of natural language Accepted for presentation at ITALLC 98. Please send all correspondence to the second author. We take em-dash as our sample punctuation mark and examine its usage from a discourse perspective, using sentences from well-known corpora. We particularly comment on how dashes can give hints on information structure, focus, and anaphora. Throughout the paper Discourse Representation Theory is used as a framework. Keywords: Punctuation, Discourse, Discourse Representation Theory, Information Structure 1 Introduction To the initial onlooker, punctuation marks and topic/focus structure of an orthographic sentence seem to be unrelated..
Specificity, Automatic Designation, and `I' Varol Akman and Aylin Koca
No full textThis paper studies the context-dependence of the first-person indexical `I,' while attempting to make the identifiabilitycriteria for specificity and Thus, Jrgensen (2000:146) notes that the term has been used to drawatleast four differentdistinctions:(i) whether the speaker believes the referenttobeunique# (ii) whether the speaker knows the identityofthe referent#(iii) whether the speaker wants to express a generalization, and(iv) whether the speaker believes the identityof the referenttobeimportant. It is known that several allegedly sound descriptions of specificitymentioned in the literature fail to be adequate on their own in covering all conditions of the notion. A prolific author contributing to recentliterature on specificity, von Heusinger (2002:2) explicates assorted characterizations of this notion. (See Journal of Pragmatics,vol. 19, no. 3, for a special issue on specificity,guest-edited by him and identifiedby def spec def non-spec indef spec indef non-spec speaker + -- + -- hearer + + -- -- Table1 The `identifiability' criteria for definiteness and specificity(Legend: def definite, spec specific) definiteness clearer for this important indexical. Having been influenced by John Perry's work on indexicals, we'll show that this (seemingly) clearest case of an indexical poses a difficult
cDNA cloning and bacterial expression of an endo-β-1,4-mannanase, AkMan, from Aplysia kurodai
No full textPreviously we isolated an endo-β-1,4-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), AkMan, from the digestive fluid of a common sea hare Aplysia kurodai and demonstrated that this enzyme had a broad pH optimum spanning 4.0 to 7.5 and an appreciably high heat stability in this pH range (Zahura et al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B157, 137-148 (2010)). In the present study, we cloned the cDNA encoding AkMan and constructed a bacterial expression system for this enzyme to enrich information about the primary structure and the characteristic properties of this enzyme. cDNA fragments encoding AkMan were amplified by PCR followed by 5'- and 3'-RACE PCRs from the A. kurodai hepatopancreas cDNA using degenerated primers designed on the basis of partial amino-acid sequences of AkMan. The cDNA including entire translational region of AkMan consisted of 1,392 bp and encoded 369 amino-acid residues. The N-terminal region of 17 residues of the deduced sequence except for the initiation Met was regarded as the signal peptide of AkMan and the mature enzyme region was considered to comprise 351 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 39961.96 Da. Comparison of the primary structure of AkMan with other β-1,4-mannanases indicated that AkMan belongs to the subfamily 10 of glycosyl-hydrolase-family-5 (GHF5). Phylogenetic analysis for the GHF5 β-1,4-mannanases indicated that AkMan together with other molluscan β-1,4-mannanases formed an independent clade of the subfamily 10 in the phylogenetic tree. The recombinant AkMan (recAkMan) was expressed with an Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-pCold1 expression system as an N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged protein and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The recAkMan showed the broad pH optimum in acidic pH range as did native AkMan; however, heat stability of recAkMan was considerably lower than that of native enzyme. This may indicate that the stability of AkMan is derived from an appropriate folding and/or some posttranslational modifications in Aplysia cells
Context Representation for the Semantic Web
No full textThe unambiguous and effective delivery of data and knowledge on the Web relies heavily on the correct representation and understanding of the associated contexts. However, the current way of encoding data and knowledge on the Web is largely ad hoc. Contexts are often embedded in the application program or are implied by the application- or community-specific agreements. This makes the linking and reusing of data and knowledge, and thus the integration of Web applications, a difficult problem. Therefore, building the architectural support for contexts is one of the major challenges for the Web, and in particular, for the Semantic Web. In this paper, we propose a framework for contexts that provides formal and explicit representations for the usually implicit contextual assumptions of data and knowledge on the Web. This is done by supporting the description of logic institutions, relations of contexts, and provenance. Our framework is able to tackle some critical issues for extending Web as a "Social Machine", such as, permitting different views on the same data, faithful knowledge integration and situation awareness
An endo-β-1,4-mannanase, AkMan, from the common sea hare Aplysia kurodai
No full textA mannan-degrading enzyme was isolated from the digestive fluid of the common sea hare Aplysia kurodai by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by conventional column chromatography. The purified enzyme, named AkMan in the present paper, showed a single band with an approximate molecular mass of 40,000 Da on SDS-PAGE and preferably degraded a linear β-1,4-mannan from green algae Codium fragile producing triand disaccharides. The optimal temperature of AkMan was 55 °C at pH 7.0 and temperature that caused 50% inactivation of AkMan during a 20-min incubation was 52 °C. AkMan retained high activity at pH 4.0–7.5 and was not inactivated in such acidic pH range by the incubation at 40 °C for 20 min. AkMan could degrade glucomannan from konjak root and galactomannan (tara gum and guar gum) as well as the linear β-1,4- mannan, while not carboxymethyl cellulose, agarose, dextran and xylan. These results indicate that AkMan is a typical endo-β-1,4-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) splitting internal β-1,4-mannosyl linkages of mannan. The Nterminal and internal amino-acid sequences of AkMan shared ∼55% amino-acid identity to the corresponding sequences of an abalone β-1,4-mannanase, HdMan, which belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GHF5). Thus, AkMan was also regarded as a member of GHF5 β-1,4-mannanases
BRUCE EDMONDS and VAROL AKMAN
No full textthis paper is that `indexicality' is a characteristic, privileged only to natural languag
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