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Effects of climate change on growth and forest stand dynamics of fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.)forests in Ilgaz mountain
No full textIlgaz Orman İşletme Şefliğinin doğal orman ve ağaç sınırında bulunan saf ve doğal Uludağ göknarı (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) ormanlarında (Gcd3) doktora tezi olarak gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada, küresel iklim değişikliğinin (küresel ısınmanın) göknar ormanlarının gelişiminde, dinamiklerinde ve doğal sınırları üzerindeki etkileri bir ön değerlendirme niteliğinde uygulamacılara ve gelecekte yapılacak akademik çalışmalara konuyla ilgili bir takım temel ve uygulamalı bilgiler sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma alanındaki doğal orman sınırındaki meşcerelerden alınan örnek alanlarda ortalama yaşın 67-97 arasında değişen saf göknar meşcerelerinde ortalama göğüs yüksekliği çapının 25,4-40,3cm arasında, ortalama boyun 13,8-22,6m arasında ve ortalama ağaç sayısının da 45,3-53,6 adet arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ölçüm ve tespitlerin yapıldığı 10 meşcereden 5 adetinin seçme, 5 adetinin de tek tabakalı kuruluşa dönüşen saf göknar ormanı niteliğinde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada yıllar itibarıyla ağaç sınırındaki göknar kolonilerinin çaplarında değişimler ölçümler ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna göre doğal göknar gençlik kolonilerinin ortalama çapları 2019 yılında 1,328m, 2020 yılında 1,407m ve 2021 yılında 1,492m olarak ölçülmüştür. Araştırmada doğal gençlik kolonileri ile ilgili yıllar itibarıyla ölçülmek suretiyle incelenen gençlik kolonilerinin boylarında 2019 yılında ortalama koloni boyu 1,51 m, 2020 yılında 1,53 m ve 2021 yılında da 1,55 m olarak saptanmıştır. Doğal göknar gençlik kolonilerinin doğal ağaç sınırına olan uzaklıkları da yıllar itibarıyla ölçülmüştür. Göknar gençlik kolonilerinin doğal ağaç sınırı olan uzaklıklarına ilişkin 2019 yılında 1,846 m, 2020 yılında 1,901 m ve 2021 yılında 1,913 m ortalama uzaklık değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Doğal ağaç sınırı hattında yer alan göknar gençlik kolonilerinde bulunan farklı yaşlardaki genç göknar bireylerinin ortalama boy değerleri 2019 yılında 5,3cm, 2020 yılında 6,4cm ve 2021 yılında da 7,2 cm olarak saptanmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonrasında değişikyaşlı göknar gençliklerinde ortalama kök boğaz çapı 2019 yılında 15,6 mm, 2020 yılında 18,9 mm ve 2021 yılında 22,4 mm olarak belirlenmiştir. Kolonilerde bulunan değişikyaşlı göknar gençliklerinin ortalama metrekaredeki sayısı 2019 yılında 15,73 adet/m2, 2020 yılında 12,46 adet/m2 ve 2021 yılında 9,38 adet/m2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada gerçekleştirilen yıllık halka analizleri sonucunda örnek veri ile alınan ölçümler arasında yıllar bazında eğilim uyumunun yüksek olduğu (0,79-1,00) ortaya çıkmıştır. Göknarın ortalama duyarlılık değeri 0.220 olan 96 yıllık (1926'dan 2020'ye kadar) büyüme halka genişliklerinin kronolojisi oluşturulmuştur. Kronolojilerin ortak aralık analizi istatistikleri ağaçlar arasındaki ortalama korelasyonun ve sinyal gürültü oranının sırasıyla 0.677 ve 7.412 olduğunu saptanmıştır. Ilgaz Dağı orman sınırındaki Uludağ göknarı bireylerinde yıllık halka gelişimi açısından ilkbahar ve yaz aylarında meydana gelen yağışların olumlu yönde etki ettiği ancak özellikle ilkbahar sonu ve yaz sezonunda meydana gelen aşırı sıcaklıkların ve bunların neden olduğu kurak periyotların yıllık halka gelişimini olumsuz yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında küresel ısınmanın etkileri SSPs245 ve SSPs585 senaryolarına göre de değerlendirilmiştir. SSPs245 iklim senaryosuna göre ortalama sıcaklığın 2,5ºC artması halinde 2060 yılında araştırma alanındaki ormanlardan 6102,9 ha'ı ve 2100 yılında da 9652,7 ha'ı "Yarı Kurak" iklim tipine geçiş yapacağı, SSPs585 iklim değişikliği senaryosuna göre ise ortalama sıcaklığın 5,8ºC artması halinde 2060 yılında "Nemli" ve "Yarı Nemli" iklim tipindeki orman alanlarında önemli bir azalmanın olacağı buna karşılık "Yarı Kurak" iklim tipindeki orman alanlarında ise alansal dağılımın oldukça yüksek oranlarda olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Yine aynı iklim senaryosuna göre 2100 yılında araştırma alanında daha önce hiç varlığı söz konusu olmayan ve büyüklüğü 4841,6 ha olan orman alanının "Kurak" iklim tipine geçiş yapacağı ihtimali ortaya çıkmış olup, yine 2100 yılında aynı senaryoya göre "Nemli" iklim tipinde Uludağ göknarının da hakim olduğu orman kuşaklarının tamamının ortadan kalkacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Araştırmada yetişme ortamı koşulları ve deneme alanlarında bulunan göknar bireyleri ile gençliklerinde yapılan kantitatif karakterlerde yapılan ölçümlerden elde edilen bulgular ve WorldClim senaryolarının uygulanması ile ulaşılan sonuçlar kullanılarak küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı değişimlerin ve bu değişimlere neden olan en önemli faktörlerin belirlenmesinde günümüzde istatistikte ve çok boyutlu karar verme süreçlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan kNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), LVQ (Learing Vector Quantization), SVM (Support Vector Machine), RPART (Decision Trees) ve RF (Random Forest) mekanik öğrenme algoritmaları uygulanmıştır. Bu amaçla uygulanan mekanik öğrenme algoritmaları itibarıyla en iyi tahminde bulunan algoritma 2019, 2020 ve 2021 yılları itibarıyla %76,62, %77,93 ve %79,76'lık doğruluk düzeyleri ve dereceleri ile "Random Forest (RF)" algoritması olmuştur. Bu algoritmayı sırasıyla kNN, LVQ, SVM ve RPART mekanik öğrenme algoritmaları izlemiştir. Bu algoritmalar ile yapılan tahmin çalışmalarında ise en önemli değişkenler ise faktör yüklerine göre en yüksek sıcaklık (0,983), en düşük yağış (0,945) ve nisbi nem (0,892) olmuştur.In this research, which was carried out as a doctoral thesis in the pure and natural Uludağ fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) forests (Gcd3) located on the border of natural forest and trees of Ilgaz Forestry Directorate, the growth, dynamics and natural limits of global climate change (global warming) in fir forests. As a preliminary assessment, it is aimed to provide some basic and applied information on the subject to practitioners and future academic studies. In the sample areas taken from the stands at the natural forest line in the study area, the mean height breast diameter is between 25.4-40.3 cm, the mean height is between 13.8-22.6m, and the mean number of trees is 45.3 in pure fir stands with an mean age of 67-97 years. It was determined that it varied between -53.6 units. In addition, it was determined that 5 of the 10 stands where measurements and determinations were made were selected and 5 were pure fir forests that turned into a one layered establishment. In the study, the changes in the diameters of the fir colonies at the tree line were tried to be determined by measurements. Accordingly, the mean diameter of natural fir juvenility colonies was 1,328m in 2019, 1,407m in 2020 and 1,492m in 2021. In the research, the mean colony length of the youth colonies, which were measured by years, was determined as 1.51 m in 2019, 1.53 m in 2020 and 1.55 m in 2021. The distances of natural fir juvenility colonies to the natural tree line were also measured over the years. The mean distance values of fir juvenility colonies from the natural tree line were determined as 1,846 m in 2019, 1,901 m in 2020 and 1,913 m in 2021. The mean height values of juvenility fir individuals of different ages in fir juvenility colonies located on the natural tree line were determined as 5.3 cm in 2019, 6.4 cm in 2020 and 7.2 cm in 2021. After the evaluations, the mean root collar diameter of fir juvenility of different ages was determined as 15.6 mm in 2019, 18.9 mm in 2020 and 22.4 mm in 2021. The mean number of fir juvenility of different ages in the colonies per square meter was determined as 15.73 pieces/m2 in 2019, 12.46 pieces/m2 in 2020 and 9.38 pieces/m2 in 2021. As a result of the annual ring analyzes carried out in the research, it was revealed that the trend consistency between the sample data and the measurements taken on a yearly basis was high (0.79-1.00). A chronology of 96 years (from 1926 to 2020) growth ring widths of fir with a mean sensitivity value of 0.220 was established. The common interval analysis statistics of the chronologies determined that the mean correlation between trees and the signal-to-noise ratio were 0.677 and 7.412, respectively. It has been determined that the precipitations in spring and summer have a positive effect on annual ring development in Uludağ fir individuals at the forest line of Ilgaz Mountain, but the extreme temperatures especially in the late spring and summer seasons and the dry periods caused by these have a negative effect on annual ring development. The effects of global warming in the research area were also evaluated according to the SSPs245 and SSPs585 scenarios. According to the SSPs245 climate scenario, if the average temperature increases by 2.5ºC, 6102.9 hectares of forests in the research area will switch to "Semi-Arid" climate type in 2060 and 9652.7 hectares in 2100. In case of an increase of .8ºC, it is estimated that there will be a significant decrease in forest areas in "Humid" and "Semi-humid" climate types in 2060, while the areal distribution in forest areas in "Semi-Arid" climate type is expected to be quite high. Again, according to the same climate scenario, the possibility that the forest area with a size of 4841.6 ha, which had never existed in the research area before in 2100, will transition to the "Arid" climate type, and again in 2100, according to the same scenario, Uludağ fir in the "Humid" climate type has emerged. It is predicted that all of the forest belts that it dominates will disappear. In the research, using the findings obtained from the measurements made in the quantitative characters of the fir individuals in the experimental areas and their youth and the results obtained by the application of the WorldClim scenarios in the research, in determining the changes due to global climate change and the most important factors causing these changes, it is now used in statistics and in multidimensional decision-making processes. widely used kNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), LVQ (Learing Vector Quantization), SVM (Support Vector Machine), RPART (Decision Trees) and RF (Random Forest) mechanical learning algorithms have been applied. In terms of mechanical learning algorithms applied for this purpose, the best estimating algorithm was the "Random Forest (RF)" algorithm with accuracy levels and degrees of 76.62%, 77.93% and 79.76% as of 2019, 2020 and 2021. This algorithm was followed by kNN, LVQ, SVM and RPART mechanical learning algorithms, respectively. In the estimation studies made with these algorithms, the most important variables were the highest temperature (0.983), the lowest precipitation (0.945) and relative humidity (0.892), according to factor loads
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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