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Intakes and main food sources of calcium for vegetarian and omnivorous New Zealand adolescent females
No full textBackground: Calcium is an essential mineral required to assist peak bone mass formation during adolescence. Calcium can only be obtained through the diet and is not widely spread throughout dietary sources with dairy products being the richest source. The last nationwide investigation of calcium intake data suggested that adolescent females were not meeting their calcium requirements, placing them at a high risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Furthermore, vegetarian diets are becoming increasingly popular in this demographic group and, in some instances, can involve the limiting or avoidance of dairy products. The aim of the current study is to investigate the impact these food choices may have on dietary calcium adequacy and to provide updated data on the calcium intakes of adolescent females living in New Zealand.
Objective: To investigate the current calcium intake and food sources of vegetarian and omnivorous New Zealand adolescent females aged 15 – 18 years.
Design: A cross-sectional observational survey of female adolescents aged 15 to 18 years from eight different locations throughout New Zealand. Data was collected in two waves (February to April and July to September 2019). Questionnaires examining participant demographics, dietary intakes and habits (including vegetarianism) and dietary supplement use were self-administered via an online platform. Standing height and weight was measured by trained investigators to allow calculation of BMI z-scores. Dietary intake data was collected using 24-hr dietary recalls, completed on two separate occasions and entered into the dietary assessment software programme FoodWorks to calculate nutrient intakes. Usual calcium intakes were estimated using the multiple source method and the prevalence of inadequate calcium intakes calculated by the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)-cut-point method.
Results: The study recruited 279 participants, 79.1% were of NZEO ethnicity, 15.5% Maori, 9% Asian and 6% Pacific. Most participants self-reported as following an omnivorous food pattern (87.1%) while 12.9% self-reported as being vegetarian. The median (interquartile range) usual intake of dietary calcium for adolescent females was 711 (544, 925) mg/day. The prevalence of inadequate calcium intakes was high, with 84% of the study population not achieving the EAR for calcium. No difference in calcium intakes were identified between vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Almost all (97%) of vegetarian participants had inadequate calcium intakes, however, inadequate intakes were also prevalent among omnivore participants (83%). Milk was the greatest contributor to calcium intakes (17.4%) and participants who reported drinking milk more regularly, had higher mean usual calcium intakes. The type of milk consumed varied between omnivore and vegetarian participants with cow’s milk more commonly consumed by omnivore participants and plant-based milks by vegetarian participants (81% vs 67.7%) with both groups more likely to consume whole/full fat options (76.3%).
Conclusion: These results suggest that calcium intakes of New Zealand adolescent females remain below recommended intakes, thereby increasing the risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Milk remains the largest contributor of calcium to dietary calcium intake for both vegetarian and non-vegetarian adolescents. Following a vegetarian diet does not markedly increase the risk of inadequate calcium intakes in this sample population as the median usual calcium intakes were similar for both omnivore and vegetarian participants. The small number of vegetarian participants (12.9%) prevented examination of the calcium intakes of vegetarian participants who choose to exclude all milk and dairy products (vegans). Given the major contribution dairy makes to the calcium intakes of adolescent females, further investigation regarding the dietary sources of calcium for vegans is warranted
Intakes and main food sources of calcium for vegetarian and omnivorous New Zealand adolescent females
Get PDFBackground: Calcium is an essential mineral required to assist peak bone mass formation during adolescence. Calcium can only be obtained through the diet and is not widely spread throughout dietary sources with dairy products being the richest source. The last nationwide investigation of calcium intake data suggested that adolescent females were not meeting their calcium requirements, placing them at a high risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Furthermore, vegetarian diets are becoming increasingly popular in this demographic group and, in some instances, can involve the limiting or avoidance of dairy products. The aim of the current study is to investigate the impact these food choices may have on dietary calcium adequacy and to provide updated data on the calcium intakes of adolescent females living in New Zealand.
Objective: To investigate the current calcium intake and food sources of vegetarian and omnivorous New Zealand adolescent females aged 15 – 18 years.
Design: A cross-sectional observational survey of female adolescents aged 15 to 18 years from eight different locations throughout New Zealand. Data was collected in two waves (February to April and July to September 2019). Questionnaires examining participant demographics, dietary intakes and habits (including vegetarianism) and dietary supplement use were self-administered via an online platform. Standing height and weight was measured by trained investigators to allow calculation of BMI z-scores. Dietary intake data was collected using 24-hr dietary recalls, completed on two separate occasions and entered into the dietary assessment software programme FoodWorks to calculate nutrient intakes. Usual calcium intakes were estimated using the multiple source method and the prevalence of inadequate calcium intakes calculated by the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)-cut-point method.
Results: The study recruited 279 participants, 79.1% were of NZEO ethnicity, 15.5% Maori, 9% Asian and 6% Pacific. Most participants self-reported as following an omnivorous food pattern (87.1%) while 12.9% self-reported as being vegetarian. The median (interquartile range) usual intake of dietary calcium for adolescent females was 711 (544, 925) mg/day. The prevalence of inadequate calcium intakes was high, with 84% of the study population not achieving the EAR for calcium. No difference in calcium intakes were identified between vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Almost all (97%) of vegetarian participants had inadequate calcium intakes, however, inadequate intakes were also prevalent among omnivore participants (83%). Milk was the greatest contributor to calcium intakes (17.4%) and participants who reported drinking milk more regularly, had higher mean usual calcium intakes. The type of milk consumed varied between omnivore and vegetarian participants with cow’s milk more commonly consumed by omnivore participants and plant-based milks by vegetarian participants (81% vs 67.7%) with both groups more likely to consume whole/full fat options (76.3%).
Conclusion: These results suggest that calcium intakes of New Zealand adolescent females remain below recommended intakes, thereby increasing the risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Milk remains the largest contributor of calcium to dietary calcium intake for both vegetarian and non-vegetarian adolescents. Following a vegetarian diet does not markedly increase the risk of inadequate calcium intakes in this sample population as the median usual calcium intakes were similar for both omnivore and vegetarian participants. The small number of vegetarian participants (12.9%) prevented examination of the calcium intakes of vegetarian participants who choose to exclude all milk and dairy products (vegans). Given the major contribution dairy makes to the calcium intakes of adolescent females, further investigation regarding the dietary sources of calcium for vegans is warranted
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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