46 research outputs found
Title pages and extracts from French dictionaries printed in the first half of the eighteenth century
No full textThe following dictionaries are included:
Antoine Furetière’s Dictionnaire universel edited by Henri Basnage de Beauval’s (1701), title page and pages with description of the Aurore, taken from the Gallica database of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Antoine Furetière’s Dictionnaire universel edited by Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière (1727), title page and page with description of the Aurore, taken from the Gallica database.
The “Dictionnaire de Trévoux” edited by a group of Jesuits (editions from 1704, 1721, 1732, 1743), title pages and descriptions of the Aurore, taken from the Gallica database.
The Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise (third edition, 1740), title page and description of the Aurore Boréale, taken from the Gallica database.
For an explanation of the context, see the introductory essay by Muriel Brot and Per Pippin Aspaas
La botanique dans les dictionnaires du français classique
No full texteditor: Christine Jacquet-PfauInternational audienceThe concept of popularisation (vulgarisation in French) was only developed in the nineteenth century. Is it possible then to detect traces of popularisation in the French encyclopædic dictionaries of the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries? It will be argued that various strategies generally recognized as typical of popularisation are indeed used by the lexicographers of this period. Considering from the outset that the choice of French rather than Latin is a first step toward popularisation, specific strategies are identified in the two major encyclopaeaedic dictionaries, in particular different forms of reformulation. These can be language based, including use of metalinguistic markers and metaphor; text based, such as crossrefencing, or concept based, in particular the elaboration of different systems of classification. It will be shown that the intentions of the lexicographers of this period have much in common with what was later to become popularisation
La botanique dans les dictionnaires du français classique
No full texteditor: Christine Jacquet-PfauInternational audienceThe concept of popularisation (vulgarisation in French) was only developed in the nineteenth century. Is it possible then to detect traces of popularisation in the French encyclopædic dictionaries of the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries? It will be argued that various strategies generally recognized as typical of popularisation are indeed used by the lexicographers of this period. Considering from the outset that the choice of French rather than Latin is a first step toward popularisation, specific strategies are identified in the two major encyclopaeaedic dictionaries, in particular different forms of reformulation. These can be language based, including use of metalinguistic markers and metaphor; text based, such as crossrefencing, or concept based, in particular the elaboration of different systems of classification. It will be shown that the intentions of the lexicographers of this period have much in common with what was later to become popularisation
Ideographic Dictionaries as desiderata of Author Lexicography
No full textThis article presents an analytical review of dictionaries created within the framework of ideographic author lexicography as a particular direction of general author lexicography and the most productive in terms of modelling artistic images of the world. An analysis of the scholarly literature dealing with the issues of this direction is also proposed. The aim of the study is to identify the typological features of dictionaries of the selected variety, to characterise the principles of compiling such dictionaries and to identify the approaches proposed in dictionary projects. The main method of the study is dictionary criticism, which includes the description of dictionaries, their analysis and scholarly evaluation.
The interest in the ideographic form of the dictionary representation of the author’s language was born in the Russian lexicography at the turn of the twenty-first century. At present, the number of such dictionaries is small in relation to the demand and desirability of their use, which is explained by the general commitment of lexicographers to the traditional alphabetic form of the description of the author’s language. The analysis of the available dictionaries makes it possible to divide them, taking into account the different typological characteristics, mainly into monographic and summary dictionaries (representing the language of one or more authors). The dictionaries of the first group demonstrate the possibility of modelling fragments of the world view of a single author with the inclusion of different lexical arrangements: the entire vocabulary of the French poems of F. Tyutchev; occasional units of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin; figurative nominations in the poetry of A. Gorodnitsky. This makes it possible to predict the expansion of the composition of objects of interpretation in “one-author” ideographic dictionaries. At the same time, the form of a summary dictionary is relevant in the description of figurative means for recreating fragments of a general artistic image of the world. The article emphasises that in order to assess the degree of expression of the ideographic base in author lexicography, it is important to take into account dictionaries of other types that contain an ideographic component (for example, in the form of thematic word lists as part of frequency dictionaries of the writer’s language).
The observations made during the analysis of scholarly publications on the subject of the study indicate possible vectors of the development of ideographic author lexicography. One of them relates to the use of the method of poetic ideography developed by scholars of the Ural Semantic School
Qui, que, quoi dans les dictionnaires français au tournant du XVIIIe siècle
No full textChantai Wionet, « Qui, que, quoi in French dictionaries at the turn of the 18th century ».
The objective of this article is to offer a presentation of the articles QUI, QUE and QUOI in the Dictionnaire françois of Richelet (1680), the Dictionnaire Universel of Antoine Furetière (1690), and the Dictionnaire de l'Académie françoise (1694). In the second part of the paper, the author describes some grammatical lexical units (PARTICULE, PRONOM, POSSESSIF, RELATIF, etc.). This part focuses on the status of grammatical units in the dictionaries, and shows how the lexicographers' work is part of the "grammatisation" of the French language.Wionet Chantal. Qui, que, quoi dans les dictionnaires français au tournant du XVIIIe siècle. In: Langue française, n°139, 2003. La grammatisation du français : qui que quoi vs qui(s) quod entre XVIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous la direction de Bernard Colombat. pp. 91-104
French-Korean Lexicography between theory and application
No full textLes auteurs de dictionnaires bilingues semblent avoir toujours été préoccupés par la question de la mise en équivalence. Dans cette perspective, cette thèse se propose d’interroger les divers aspects de la lexicographie lors de l’élaboration des dictionnaires bilingues, notamment franco-coréens destinés aux coréanophones, en tentant de reconstruire, sur un mode à la fois historique et systématique, le dispositif méthodique et raisonné qui avait permis aux lexicographes de poser les conditions métalexicographiques. Celles-ci s’appliquent à tous les paramètres qui constituent la logique du dictionnaire sur un plan structurel et sémantique. Cette mise au point théorique a pour but d’envisager comment les dictionnaires bilingues sont mis en valeur lors d’une refonte ou d’une nouvelle parution. À travers l’étude des dix-huit dictionnaires rédigés en Corée depuis la fin XIXe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui, nous observons une transformation des interprétations de la méthode métalexicographique et l’élaboration du concept de dictionnaire contemporain. Ce travail s’intéresse enfin à proposer des équivalents pour deux verbes, circuler et éloigner, du Prime Dictionnaire français-coréen, en comparant la façon dont le Grand Robert et le Trésor de la langue française regroupent les sens et les acceptions de ces verbes avec celle du dictionnaire français-coréen.Bilingual dictionaries seem to have always been concerned about the issues of establishing equivalence. Within this context, this thesis proposes to examine the various aspects of lexicography in the developments of French-Korean, Korean-French bilingual dictionaries, particularly for the Korean speakers, while trying to rebuild, on a historical and systematic mode, the methodical and rational device that allowed the lexicographers to set meta-lexicographical conditions. This applies to all the factors of logic for dictionary organization at a structural and semantic level. The theoretical development is made to consider how the bilingual dictionaries enhance in quality during a renewal or a new release. Through the study of the eighteen dictionaries written in Korea since the late nineteenth century until today, we can observe the transformation of how the meta-lexicographical method was interpreted in practice and how the concept of contemporary dictionary was developed. This work propose equivalents of two verbs, circuler and éloigner; extracts from the Prime French-Korean Dictionary, as compared how the Grand Robert and the Trésor de la langue française organize meanings
Identités françaises selon la langue, Les
No full textDepartment Head: Paola Malpezzi Price.2010 Summer.Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-83).Text in French; title and abstract in English and French.France is currently in a period of transition of international government, population, technology and language. Partly because French identities are strongly based on the language, a national identity crisis is occurring that has the country in a state of confusion as to its place in the world. But defining "identity" is a difficult task when it comes to an entire country. It is easier to see what French identity is not, by way of exclusion, than it is to say who and what it means to be French. The French language has long been a cultural cornerstone, specifically since the French Revolution when it took its place as the national language. Since then, the language has been a symbol of perfection and purity among French citizens and Francophiles with laws and committees that exist to protect it from invasive words and grammar changes. But in giving this title to the French language, many groups of people were excluded from the national identity, namely those that did not speak French at the time, which was a large percentage of the country's population. In addition, grammarians, writers, lexicographers, salonnières and more recently young immigrants have used language in order to exclude large groups of people from their perspective identity groups. In changing and defining the French language, these groups have made their own identities stronger while also excluding others from access to their worlds. This thesis is based on the idea that identities are defined by who are not included in particular French linguistic groups and therefore those excluded from holding a place within those identities. In order to understand where this idea originated and how it works, the history of the complicated French orthography is discussed. The preciosity of French salons, another linguistic identity, is also discussed which contrasts the current linguistic opposition of verlan which is having a huge effect on the French language and French identities today
Lexicographers and Grammarians in the History of English
No full textDuring the Renaissance a great number of Latin-English and English-Latin dictionaries were compiled, following a surprisingly long tradition of English lexicography whose dawn can be traced back to between 600 and 700 A.D. At that time, the first Latin glosses of religious and practical treatises appeared with the primary purpose of explaining difficult Latin words; later on, these glosses came to be written in vernacular, especially after English had been sanctioned for general use, and were often collected in glossaries which evolved into authentic Latin-English dictionaries, arranged either alphabetically or under classified entries. Their object was essentially to provide a Latin dictionary for the use of Englishmen. It was not before the fifteenth century, however, that English-Latin dictionaries began to enrich the scene of English lexicography; by that time the aim of lexicographic works had turned from Latin to English, since they were mainly concerned with glossing English entries. It is generally acknowledged that the first English-Latin bilingual dictionaries were more innovative in approach than their Latin-English counterparts. Indeed, Latin-English dictionaries and glosses were heavily indebted to earlier monolingual Latin works and often simply glossed the works of previous scholars. In contrast, most English-Latin dictionaries drew on material from a greater number of sources; for example, John Withals’ Shorte Dictionarie for Yonge Begynners (1553) had at least twelve sources, including previously published dictionaries as well as scientific and literary treatises of his century; moreover, in the contents of his work, Withals also registered proverbs, wise sayings, legends, and myths. In 16th- and 17th-century England glossaries and vocabularies gradually gave way not only to monolingual, bilingual and polyglot dictionaries, but also to indexes and glossaries appended to grammar books for pedagogic reasons. The practice of appending small dictionaries and indexes to textbooks was explicitly welcomed by William Bullokar and Richard Mulcaster; as teachers, they knew what their students needed and thus insisted on the importance of joining a dictionary to a grammar book. Yet neither Bullokar’s Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English speech (1580) nor Mulcaster’s Elementaire (1582) succeeded in carrying out such a task. In 1594 Paul Graves published his Grammatica anglicana containing also a Dictionariolum of English words with their Latin equivalents; other teachers followed this custom, thus paving the way for a joint productive work between grammarians and lexicographers. These writers were far from being inclusive in their works and quite often ended up writing simplified indexes for the use of their students. In turn, most grammarians assumed that, since Latin was still the official language taught at school, what was pertinent to the description of Latin would be equally pertinent to the description of English. Due to this incorrect belief, their books were often devised in a latinised framework and turned out to be little more than Latin grammars in disguise. Indeed, at that time there was still no codified set of rules for the English language; nor did anyone question the authoritative Latin tradition, which had its main representatives in Varro, Donatus, and Priscian. William Lily was one of the early English grammarians and his Latin grammar (ca. 1540) became so popular that it was imposed by the Tudors as the ‘authorised grammar’ for England; as such, all subsequent grammarians had to come to terms with its overriding importance and often ended up publishing mere approving annotations of the same text. No doubt, at that time the publication of translations, elucidations and supplements of this book was, as pointed out by Padley (1985), partly a subterfuge allowing publication, which would otherwise have been thwarted by the royal privilege enjoyed by Lily’s grammar. Such royal privilege was still in force more than two centuries later, when the Anglo-American Lindley Murray published his English Grammar (1795). His text was introduced, supplemented, imitated, enlarged, simplified, improved and, as will be seen in this volume, even parodied. Parody is certainly no latecomer to the various genres, its roots being in the Greek world, at the time of Hegemon of Thasos and Hipponax of Ephesus, who are credited to be the first who used a kind of comic imitation and transformation of an epic verse text. After them, Aristotle employed the term ‘parody’ to qualify Hegemon’s work, while Aristophanes satirically imitated Aeschylus, Euripides and Socrates. Parodies of the liturgy, hymns and the Bible were also in use in the Latin world and later on in the Middle Ages. In England, Chaucer’s tale of Sir Thopas, mocking the chivalry stereotypes of medieval romances, paved the way for a whole host of writers who, with more or less creativity, poked fun at different forms of literature and at various people. The analytical, critical, polemical, argumentative and, at times, didactic qualities of parody are to be viewed in Ben Jonson’s satirical imitations of literary affectations, in Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s parodies of Lyly’s euphuistic style, in Pope’s and Swift’s satire and burlesque, not to mention Fielding’s parody of Richardson’s books, the 18th-century politically-orientated attacks prompted by the French Revolution and by the rise of Romanticism and, last but not least, Percival Leigh’s comic parody of Lindley Murray’s grammar. It is against the background of this intertwining of scholarly serious texts on the one hand and of irreverently pungent satire on the other that lexico-grammatical studies on English have been thriving in England through the centuries, and it is against this background that the authors and works touched on in the present volume need to be viewed. The book delves into three scholars who, in different ways, contributed to the advancement of English lexicographic and grammar writing tradition. Specifically, Peter LEVINS authored the first hard-word rhyming dictionary – Manipulus Vocabulurom, aimed at promoting learning and divulging his mother-tongue; Anthony HUISH’s Priscianus Nascens and Priscianus Ephebus aptly bridge the gap between lexicography and grammar writing to meet the language needs of English schoolboys learning to translate from English into Latin and vice versa. Finally, Percival LEIGH’s Comic English Grammar lays bare a cross section of English socio-linguistic idiosyncrasies that could hardly be unveiled in a ‘serious’, scholarly way. From language teaching to translation, from lexicology to lexicography, from description to prescription, from theoretical studies to socio-linguistic parody, the works examined in the present volume aptly complement each other in terms of genres exploited, content analysed and methodology enacted; most of all, these works testify to the fact that viewing language – particularly lexico-grammar – from different perspectives is a winning way to understand the past (and present) of language itself
From Writing Dictionaries to Weaving Lexical Networks
No full textInternational audienceDictionaries are designed as huge texts made up of a collection of much smaller texts, i.e. lexicographic articles. To put it differently, dictionaries are two-dimensional textual models of natural language lexicons. Lexicographers, however, are well aware of the fact that their task is to account for a truly multidimensional entity: a gigantic graph of lexical units connected by various paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. The most significant advance that computer science will bring to the future of lexicography is therefore not the ability to better store, search and manipulate textual lexicographic data; it will be to allow lexicographers to bypass the text as a formal representation of lexicons and to directly work on lexical networks. Such networks are more suitable to the lexicographic endeavour because they are better formal metaphors of the “natural” structure we are trying to account for. This paper presents lexical systems as graph models of lexicons and introduces the corresponding lexicography of virtual dictionaries. It is based on extensive lexicographic work that is being conducted on the French Lexical Network, a lexical database built according to theoretical and methodological principles borrowed from Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology
Sur le français du Catholicon de Jehan Lagadeuc
No full textThe French element in the Catholicon of Jehan Lagadeuc.
The Latin-Breton-French dictionary written by Jehan Lagadeuc gives valuable informations on the type of Middle French known in Brittany at the end of the XVth c. : first attestations, new derivatives, variants of the Western dialect, peculiar meanings, and etymological informations. This document, however, has been relatively neglected till now by French lexicographers - as the author demonstrates in the case of Godefroy’s dictionary, where the Catholicon is used in an eclectic manner. After proving that this lexicon has its place amongst the medieval French dictionaries, and that a Middle French thesaurus should use this document systematically, the author brings to light an evolution between the different editions of the Catholicon : firstly, French use had changed, the first printed version being already obsolete at the time of its publication (1499) ; secondly, the number of dialectalisms tended to be reduced in the subsequent reeditions. Also, a study of some phonetic features peculiar to Western French and of some regionalisms.Le Dictionnaire latin-breton-français de Jehan Lagadeuc apporte des informations précieuses sur le français connu en Bretagne à la fin du XVe s. : premières attestations, nouveaux dérivés, variantes dialectales de l’Ouest, sens particuliers, et indications étymologiques. Or cette source a été jusque ici relativement négligée par les lexicographes du français - comme le montre l’auteur à propos du dictionnaire de Godefroy, qui utilise le Catholicon de façon «éclectique». Montrant que ce dictionnaire a sa place parmi tous les dictionnaires français médiévaux, et qu’un trésor du moyen français doit utiliser cette source de façon systématique, l’auteur met à jour une évolution entre les différentes versions du Catholicon : c’est d’abord l’usage du français qui a évolué, la première version étant déjà archaïsante lors de sa parution en 1499 ; d’autre part les rééditions ont cherché à limiter le nombre de dialectalismes. Enfin, étude de traits phonétiques propres au français de l’Ouest et de plusieurs régionalismes.Chauveau Jean-Pierre. Sur le français du Catholicon de Jehan Lagadeuc. In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 29, 1992. Actes du IXe congrès international d'études celtiques. Paris, 7-12 juillet 1991. Deuxième partie : Linguistique, littératures. pp. 121-136
