1,720,990 research outputs found
La rilevanza (civilistica) degli interessi di mora convenzionali nell’applicazione delle norme antiusura
No full textSecondo la giurisprudenza pressoché unanime della Corte di cassazione e la giurisprudenza di merito, devono essere considerati usurari non solo gli interessi corrispettivi, cioè quelli dovuti a titolo di remunerazione per la concessione di un capitale a mutuo o per la dilazione d’un pagamento, ma anche gli interessi dovuti a seguito della costituzione in mora del debitore (ex art. 1224 c.c.), allorché il tasso convenuto dalle parti sia superiore a quello consentito dall’art. 2, comma 4, legge n. 108 del 1996. In tale ipotesi, però, stante la differenza di “causa” fra le due tipologie di interessi, la conseguenza non sarà quella di cui all’art. 1815 c.c., bensì la sostituzione del saggio convenzionale degli interessi moratori con quello legale. A questo orientamento si oppone quello dell’Arbitro bancario finanziario e della dottrina maggioritaria, i quali sostengono l’estraneità degli interessi moratori rispetto alla disciplina antiusura, e ritengono applicabile ad essi, se pattuiti ad un tasso manifestamente iniquo, l’art. 1384 c.c. che regola la riduzione della clausola penale da parte del giudice
Servizi di pagamento e regole di responsabilità nelle operazioni non autorizzate alla luce della direttiva 2015/2366/UE
No full textL’indagine ha ad oggetto la disciplina sui servizi di pagamento elettronici introdotta nell'ordinamento italiano in attuazione della dir. 2007/64/CE (PSD), da ultimo modificata in sede di recepimento della dir. 2015/2366/UE (PSD2), entrambe di piena armonizzazione. In particolare, la ricerca si propone di analizzare il regime speciale di responsabilità del prestatore di servizi di pagamento e del pagatore contenuto nel d.lgs. n. 11 del 2010, così come modificato e integrato dal d.lgs. n. 218 del 2017.
La struttura dell’elaborato è quadripartita. Il primo capitolo è volto principalmente a illustrare la rilevanza privatistica della disciplina contenuta nelle due direttive sui servizi di pagamento nel mercato interno. Le argomentazioni svolte hanno anche il ruolo di delineare l’articolato quadro delle fonti Ue e interne regolatrici della materia.
Il secondo capitolo ha ad oggetto lo studio delle diverse tipologie di servizi di pagamento, con particolare attenzione a quelli innovativi offerti dai third-party providers, ovverosia da quei fornitori di servizi di pagamento soggettivamente distinti dall'istituto di radicamento del conto dell’utente, e che, cionondimeno, hanno il diritto di accedervi per disporre un trasferimento di fondi o semplicemente per offrire all'utente delle informazioni aggregate sulla sua situazione finanziaria. Oggetto di specifica trattazione, poi, sono le differenti tipologie di operazioni di movimentazione di fondi, suddivise in credit transfers (quando sono disposte dal pagatore) e in debit transfers (quando sono disposte dal beneficiario). Il capitolo si conclude con una riflessione sul contratto di prestazione di servizi di pagamento, ivi qualificato come contratto tipico ad oggetto eterogeneo, e sulla neutralità dell’operazione di pagamento rispetto all'eventuale obbligazione sottostante.
Nel terzo capitolo, dopo aver definito l’ambito di applicazione materiale e territoriale della disciplina oggetto della ricerca, e dopo aver altresì analizzato i margini di derogabilità delle norme in essa contenute sulla base della qualifica soggettiva dell’utente (consumatore, microimpresa, professionista diverso dalla microimpresa), la trattazione è volta a marcare il sottile discrimine fra operazione di pagamento autorizzata e operazione di pagamento non autorizzata, il che costituisce il presupposto logico (prima ancora che giuridico) perché possa trovare applicazione la disciplina sulle operazioni eseguite senza il consenso del pagatore di cui agli artt. 11 e 12 d.lgs. n. 11 del 2010.
L’ultimo capitolo dell’elaborato si apre con lo studio dei rimedi di diritto comune esperibili al ricorrere di un’operazione non autorizzata. Ciò, in primo luogo, è finalizzato a dimostrare l’inefficienza di detti rimedi in subiecta materia, e, in secondo luogo, ha la funzione di individuare il contesto con cui deve inevitabilmente dialogare la disciplina speciale. Quest’ultima reca regole particolarmente favorevoli all'utente che abbia subito perdite in conseguenza della sottrazione abusiva di fondi. In particolare, anche quando siano stati adottati dall’istituto tutti gli accorgimenti necessari per proteggere il cliente, e anche laddove un’operazione (non autorizzata) sia stata disposta da una terza parte (ed esempio, un prestatore di servizi di disposizione di ordine di pagamento) è comunque dovere del prestatore di radicamento del conto rimborsare il pagatore delle somme perdute.The investigation concerns the rules on electronic payment services introduced in Italian law in implementation of the dir. 2007/64/EC (PSD), recently amended to implement the dir. 2015/2366/EU (PSD2), both of full harmonization. In particular, the research intends to analyse the special regime of liability of the payment service provider and the payer contained in Legislative Decree no. 11/2010, as amended and interpolated by Legislative Decree no. 218/2017.
The paper has four sections. The first chapter is aimed primarily at illustrating the private law importance of the discipline contained in the two directives on payment services in the internal market. The arguments carried out also have the role of outlining the articulated framework of EU and internal sources that regulate the subject.
The second chapter deals with the study of the different types of payment services, with particular attention to the innovative ones offered by third-party providers, that are diverse from the bank account rooting institution, and, nevertheless, they have the right to access the account of the user in order to initiate a transfer of funds or simply to offer the user aggregated information on its financial situation. Object of specific treatment, then, are the different types of fund handling operations, divided into credit transfers (when they are initiated by the payer) and debit transfers (when they are initiated by the beneficiary). The chapter concludes with a meditation on the payment services contract, qualified as a typical contract with a heterogeneous object, and on the neutrality of the payment transaction with respect to any underlying obligation.
In the third chapter, after having defined the material and territorial scope of the subject matter of the research, and after having also analysed the margins of derogability of the rules contained in it on the base of the subjective qualification of the user (consumer, micro-enterprise, professional different from a micro-enterprise), the discussion is aimed at marking the thin distinction between authorized payment transactions and unauthorized payment transactions, which constitutes the logical and juridical assumption for the application of the rules laid down for transactions carried out without the payer's consent pursuant to articles 11 and 12 of the Legislative Decree no. 11/2010.
The last chapter of the paper opens with the study of common private law remedies that can be used when an unauthorized transaction occurs. This, as first, is aimed at demonstrating the inefficiency of said remedies in this subject, and, secondly, has the function to identify the context the special discipline must inevitably dialogue with. The latter contains rules that are particularly in favour of the user who has suffered losses as a result of abusive disposal of funds. In particular, even when all the measures necessary to protect the customer have been adopted by the institute, and also where an (unauthorized) transaction has been ordered by a third party (for example, a payment initiation service provider) it is in any case the duty of the account servicing provider to reimburse the payer of the lost amounts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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