1,723,602 research outputs found
A multi-factor approach to understanding socio-economic segregation in European capital cities
Full text linkThe research leading to the results presented in this chapter has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT no. 2–17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial Inequality, Deprived Neighbourhoods, and Neighbourhood Effects); and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant no. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood Choice, Neighbourhood Sorting, and Neighbourhood Effects).Growing inequalities in Europe, even in the most egalitarian countries, are a major challenge threatening the sustainability of urban communities and the competiveness of European cities. Surprisingly, though, there is a lack of systematic representative research on the spatial dimension of rising inequalities. This is filled by our book project Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West, with empirical evidence from Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Milan, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna and Vilnius. This introductory chapter outlines the background to this international comparative research and introduces a multi-factor approach to studying socio-economic segregation. The chapter focuses on four underlying universal structural factors: social inequalities, global city status, welfare regime and housing system. Based on these factors, we propose a hypothetical ranking segregation levels in the thirteen case study cities. As the conclusions of this show, the hypothetical ranking and the actual ranking of cities by segregation levels only match partly; the explanation for this can be sought in context-specific factors which will be discussed in-depth in each of the case study chapters
Connecting entrepreneurship with homes and neighbourhoods
No full textThe seminar series ‘Entrepreneurship in Homes and Neighbourhoods’ this volume draws on is funded by the ESRC grant ES/L001489/1 to Darja Reuschke, Colin Mason, Stephen Syrett, Maarten van Ham and Duncan Maclennan
Integrating entrepreneurship with urban and neighbourhood studies : lessons for future research
No full textThe seminar series ‘Entrepreneurship in Homes and Neighbourhoods’ this volume draws on is funded by the ESRC grant ES/L001489/1 to Darja Reuschke, Colin Mason, Stephen Syrett, Maarten van Ham and Duncan Maclennan
Testing the ‘residential rootedness’ hypothesis of self-employment for Germany and the UK
No full textThe work on this paper was funded by a Marie Curie grant from the European Commission within the 7th Framework Program (ID 252752). Based on the notion that entrepreneurship is a ‘local event’, the literature argues that entrepreneurs are ‘rooted’ in place. This paper tests the ‘residential rootedness’ hypothesis of self-employment by examining for Germany and the UK whether the self-employed are less likely to move over long distances (internal migration) than workers in paid employment. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), and accounting for transitions in employment status we found little evidence that the self-employed in Germany and the UK are more rooted in place than workers in paid employment. Generally speaking, the self-employed were no less likely than workers in paid employment to migrate over longer distance. In contrast to the residential rootedness hypothesis we found that entry into self-employment and female self-employment are associated with internal migration, and that the self-employed who work from home (home-based businesses) are fairly geographically mobile. The gendered results suggest that women might use self-employment as a strategy to be spatially mobile with their household, or as a strategy to stay in the workforce after having moved residence until they find a job in the more secure wage and salary sector.OTB Research Institute for the Built Environmen
Unwilling or unable? spatial and socio-economic restrictions on females’ labour market access
No full textVan Ham M. and Büchel F. (2006) Unwilling or unable? Spatial and socio-economic restrictions on females’ labour market access, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. The effects of regional structures on both females’ willingness to work and the probability of being employed for those willing to work are analysed. Special permission was granted to link regional data to individual respondents in the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Results of a bivariate probit model correcting for sample selection show that high regional unemployment discourages women from entering the labour market. Those willing to work find it easier to do so if they live in regions with low regional female unemployment rates, at a short distance from the next agglomeration, and – for mothers – with a high density of childcare provision. Van Ham M. et Büchel F. (2006) Peu disposées ou incapables? Les limites géographiques et socio-économiques à l'insertion des femmes dans le marché du travail, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. On cherche à analyser l'impact des structures régionales à la fois sur la disposition des femmes à travailler et sur la probabilité de trouver un emploi de celles qui sont disposées à travailler. A titre exceptionnel, on a pu lier des données régionales à l’échantillon permanent socio-économique allemand (German Socio-Economic Panel – GSOEP). Les résultats d'un modèle probit à deux variables, qui corrige en fonction de la sélection de l’échantillon, démontrent qu'un taux de chômage régional élevé décourage les femmes de s'insérer dans le marché du travail. Celles qui sont disposées à travailler le trouvent plus facile si elles habitent des zones où le taux de chômage féminin régional s'avère peu élevé, qui sont à peu de distance de l'agglomération limitrophe, et – pour les mères – où les crèches sont à forte densité. Offre d'emploi féminin, Marchés du travail régionaux, Crèches, Modèle probit à deux variables, Allemagne Van Ham M. und Büchel F. (2006) Nicht gewillt oder nicht in der Lage? Räumliche und sozio-ökonomische Einschränkungen des Zugangs zum Arbeitsmarkt für Frauen, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die Auswirkungen regionaler Strukturen auf die Bereitschaft von Frauen, einem Erwerb nachzugehen, und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Erwerbstätigkeit für solche, die willens sind. Den Autoren wurde gestattet, regionale Daten mit einzelnen Teilnehmern der deutschen sozio-ökonomischen Vertretung (German Socio-economic Panel = GSEP) zu verbinden. Ergebnisse einer zweifach variablen Probitmodellkorektur für Stichprobenauswahl zeigen, daß hochgradige regionale Erwerbslosigkeit Frauen vom Einstieg ins Erwerbsleben abhält. Diejenigen, die arbeiten wollen, finden es leichter, diesen Vorsatz zu verwirklichen, wenn sie in Regionen leben, die geringe Erwerbslosigkeitsraten unter Frauen aufweisen, wenn die Entfernung zur nächsten Agglomeration nicht weit ist, und, soweit sie Mütter sind, ihnen eine gute Auswahl von Angeboten der Kinderpflege entgegenkommt. Angebot weiblicher Arbeitskräfte, regionale Arbeitsmärkte, Bereitstellung von Kinderpflege, zweifach variables Probitmodell, Deutschland Van Ham M. y Büchel F. (2006) ¿No quieren o no pueden? Limitaciones espaciales y socioeconómicas de las mujeres para acceder al mercado laboral, Regional Studies 40, 345–357. Analizamos cuáles son los efectos de las estructuras regionales con respecto a la disposición de las mujeres para el trabajo y la probabilidad de que las que desean trabajar sean contratadas. Recibimos una autorización especial para poder vincular los datos regionales con entrevistados individuales en el panel socioeconómico alemán. Los resultados de un modelo probit bivariado para corregir por selección muestral indican que el alto nivel de desempleo regional desanima a las mujeres a entrar en el mercado laboral. Las que quieren trabajar hallan empleo antes si viven en regiones con tasas bajas de desempleo femenino, a una corta distancia de la siguiente aglomeración, y en el caso de madres, si existe una alta densidad de cobertura de atención a la infancia. Mercado laboral femenino, Mercados laborales regionales, Cobertura de atención a la infancia, Modelo probit bivariado, AlemaniaFemale labour supply, Regional labour markets, Childcare provision, Bivariate probit model, Germany,
Comparative Structural Survey Election Management Bodies EMS (version 1, European and International Data, February 2019)
No full textThe Electoral Management Survey (EMS) was conducted between July 2016 and October 2017. It consists of two parts: a structural survey filled out by one senior EMB official in each EMB surveyed, and a personnel survey sent to EMB employees. The EMS initially focused on Europe, while a sister survey implemented by the Electoral Integrity Project, ELECT, was disseminated to non-European countries (Norris et al., 2016). In the first half of 2017, the countries that had not responded to either the EMS or the ELECT survey were contacted again. Effort was made to contact all bodies that perform any of the major functions of EMBs, as defined by the International IDEA Handbook on Electoral Management Design (Wall et al., 2006). In total, 177 countries that held elections between 2012 and 2017, and that were not micro-states (population < 100,000), were identified. EMB contact information was missing for 21 countries. A total of 156 countries were contacted, and 72 countries responded to either EMS or ELECT, resulting in a response rate of 46%. For more on the Electoral Management Network, see: www.electoralmanagement.com.
More detailed description and discussion of these data can be found in:
James, S., Garnett, H., Loeber, L. and van Ham, C. 2019. Improving Electoral Management: the Organizational Determinants of Electoral Integrity. Special issue on Improving Electoral Management, in International Political Science Review, 40(3): 298-312.
Please note that these data can be merged with structural EMB data from the ELECT survey, available on Harvard Dataverse
Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities: An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book
Full text linkThe book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than city-wide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis.UrbanismUrban Studie
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