1,721,102 research outputs found
La Gran Bretagna in Europa (1970-75)
No full textIl recente caso del referendum sull’uscita della Gran Bretagna dall’Unione Europea dopo più di quarant’anni di impegno comunitario, la cosiddetta Brexit, ha fatto riaffiorare di colpo numerosi stereotipi e luoghi comuni circa la natura dell’impegno del Regno Unito nel progetto di integrazione europea.
In molti di recente, tra cui il professore e presidente dell’Istituto di Alti Studi in Geopolitica e Scienze Ausiliarie Tiberio Graziani, hanno fatto riferimento al paese come ad un ‘corpo estraneo’ nell’ambito del progetto d’integrazione europea , sottolineando come nel corso del tempo le relazioni siano state improntate al reciproco sospetto, ad un’ambiguità latente, e ad una costante e ineluttabile sensazione di ‘distacco’ e di ‘isolamento’ britannico rispetto all’evoluzione del progetto comunitario.
L’intento del presente lavoro non è quello di confutare tali luoghi comuni, ma di offrire uno studio approfondito e una lettura possibilmente alternativa delle relazioni Regno Unito-Europa, concentrando la nostra attenzione sulle origini dell’impegno comunitario della Gran Bretagna, ossia sugli avvenimenti dei primi anni Settanta, periodo in cui, dopo oltre un decennio di complessi negoziati, la Gran Bretagna riuscì finalmente a divenire membro della CEE.
Cercheremo di dimostrare, attraverso l’analisi di documenti, testimonianze, fonti di vario genere, tanto primarie, reperite per lo più ai ‘National Archives’ di Londra, quanto secondarie, di cui di particolare rilevanza si sono rivelati i testi sugli sviluppi della distensione e del processo d’integrazione europea di studiosi quali Ilaria Poggiolini, Geir Lundestad e Jeremi Suri, che l’ingresso britannico in Europa non fu una scelta derivante semplicemente da motivi di ‘necessità’, in ossequio al luogo comune del ‘malato d’Europa’ che aveva bisogno di legarsi disperatamente alla veloce locomotiva comunitaria.
Lo studio qui condotto ha fatto invece emergere l’esistenza di un vero progetto europeo perseguito con grande determinazione e partecipazione da parte del Regno Unito, che mirava alla costruzione della cosiddetta ‘Seconda Europa’, di cui il contributo britannico sarebbe stato elemento fondamentale sotto svariati punti di vista
La parità di genere nell'ambito del processo d'integrazione europea
No full textNella mia esperienza da laureando in ‘Studi Europei’ all’Università Roma Tre, percorso che ho seguito con profitto negli anni accademici 2015-16 e 2016-17, ho avuto modo di approfondire molteplici aspetti legati alla nascita e allo sviluppo del processo d’integrazione comunitaria.
Sin dagli albori del progetto d’unificazione del continente europeo, la storiografia dedicata a questo argomento ha concentrato la propria attenzione principalmente sull’evoluzione economica, politica e istituzionale dell’Europa, trascurando quelli che sono stati i risultati registrati dall’UE sul fronte delle tematiche sociali, con particolare riguardo alla condizione della donna.
La storia d’Europa si fonda su radici comuni quali la cultura greca, il diritto romano e la religione cristiana. Questi tre elementi formano un’identità comune dei popoli europei; l’espressione principale di tale identità sono i diritti umani, argomento che si è imposto quale fondamento imprescindibile dell’ordine europeo.
Furono per primi gli antichi greci a sviluppare un concetto di ‘Europa’ inteso come spazio geopolitico unitario basato sul valore distintivo della libertà e teso alla concessione di diritti per i cittadini.
Successivamente, l’esperienza dell’Impero Romano fu la prima in cui i popoli d’Europa verificarono cosa significasse far parte di un unico ordinamento, condividendo istituzioni, usi, costumi, leggi e, dopo l’editto di Caracalla del 212 d.C., anche una cittadinanza. A Roma, complice la notevole influenza della filosofia stoica, movimento che fu tra i primi a postulare il raggiungimento dell’uguaglianza di genere, l’argomento della libertà per gli individui, già sperimentato in Grecia, si allargò dagli uomini alle donne, e tale evoluzione avrebbe rappresentato un’importante ispirazione per le generazioni future
La Gran Bretagna e il processo d'integrazione europea (1975-1990)
Full text linkLa letteratura prevalente dedicata alle relazioni tra la Gran Bretagna e la Comunità Europea negli anni caratterizzati dal premierato di Margaret Thatcher ha descritto tali rapporti in termini di conflitto e contrapposizione, sottolineando il presunto euroscetticismo del leader britannico. Scopo di questo lavoro non è quello di ribaltare tale tesi storiografica, ma di fornire un'interpretazione alternativa delle relazioni tra il Regno Unito e la CEE nel periodo storico appena indicato. Attraverso l'analisi e l'approfondimento di numerosi documenti d'archivio di recente declassificazione, provenienti specialmente dagli archivi nazionali britannici e dagli archivi storici dell'UE, si avrà modo di dimostrare il contributo positivo fornito dalla Gran Bretagna al processo di rilancio del progetto d'integrazione europea negli anni Ottanta, il quale conobbe il suo culmine con la firma dell'Atto Unico Europeo del 1986, trattato in cui le idee di Margaret Thatcher vennero accolte in maniera significativa
Novel Cp*-iridium(III) complexes with di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity
Full text linkInitially, N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHCs) were considered ancillary ligands alternative to more classical two-electron donor ligands, phosphorous- (phosphines, phosphites, etc) and nitrogen-based (amines, imines, etc). Nowadays their role in organometallic chemistry is pivotal, and they found application in many different fields.
The Cp*Ir(III)-based complexes gained interest during the past years because they may be employed as catalysts in many organic transformations, and the inclusion of a NHC ligand in the coordination sphere of the complex generally enhanced both its robustness and catalytic activity. An appealing catalytic application of Cp*Ir(III)-NHC complexes is the water oxidation reaction, that is the oxidative half-reaction of an overall process called “artificial photosynthesis”. This is a promising route to provide, in the future, the production of green and sustainable energy alternative to the consumption of fossil fuels, and to convert solar energy into chemical one.
This PhD thesis is aimed to the study of iridium(III) complexes bearing di-(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands (di-NHC), focusing either on the synthetic aspects and on the catalytic activity. Furthermore, the evaluation of the final steric and electronic properties of the complexes deriving by changes in the structure of the di-NHC ligand, will be addressed; the final aim is to find a relationship between the structure of the ligand and the properties and catalytic behavior of the complexes. In this regard, the catalytic activity will be evaluated mainly in water oxidation reaction, but also other organic transformations will be considered (transfer hydrogenation of ketones).
The obtained results will be divided in four main chapters: i] Synthesis and characterization of a series of mononuclear Ir(III) di-NHC complexes (Chapter 2); ii] Water oxidation reaction catalyzed by the mononuclear Ir(III) di-NHC complexes synthesized in the frame of the present PhD project (Chapter 3); iii] Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of novel dinuclear di-NHC Ir(III) complexes (Chapter 4); iv] Reactivity and coordination properties of mono- and di-NHC ligands deriving from non-classical carbene units (Chapter 5).
i] Synthesis and characterization of a series of mononuclear Ir(III) di-NHC complexes.
A series of novel di-NHC iridium(III) complexes, having general formula [IrClCp*(di-NHC)](PF6), have been synthesized through the transmetalation of the di-NHC moiety from pre-formed, isolated and characterized dinuclear di-NHC silver(I) complexes. In the obtained Ir(III) complexes, the di-NHC ligand is coordinated to the metal centre in chelating fashion; this has been confirmed by the determination of the X-ray crystal structure of some complexes. The optimized synthetic protocol has been extended to several di-NHC ligands having different substituents at the nitrogen atoms and length of the alkyl bridging group. The effect of the substituents on the electron density, both on the metal and the carbene carbon, has been evaluated.
ii] Water oxidation reaction catalyzed by the mononuclear Ir(III) di-NHC complexes.
Some of the synthesized mononuclear di-NHC complexes have been successfully employed as catalysts for the water oxidation reaction in presence of Ce(IV) (as (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6], referred also as CAN) as sacrificial oxidant. One of the most active complexes (complex 2) has been tested also in presence of NaIO4, showing activity comparable to that reported in literature for other Ir(III)-NHC complexes.
The catalyst fate under turnover conditions has been investigated by detecting the evolving gas via GC-MS measurements, and a small amount of CO2 was observed concomitantly to the O2 evolution. The amount of CO2 derives probably from the oxidative degradation of the ligand set.
Complex 2 has been also employed in a photo-induced process, coupled with a photosensitizer ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and a sacrificial acceptor of electrons (S2O82-), exhibiting activity remarkably different than that observed employing IrCl3 under the same experimental conditions. IrCl3 is a well-known precursor of IrOx nanoparticles, so the observed difference may be considered a proof of the molecular nature of the catalyst. Further investigations allowed to detect, through EPR measurements, the formation of an Ir(IV) species, which is a plausible intermediate in the catalytic cycle, confirming the molecular nature of the employed catalyst.
iii] Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of novel dinuclear di-NHC Ir(III) complexes.
Novel dinuclear di-NHC Ir(III) complexes have been synthesized employing ligand precursors having a flexible and long bridging group between the carbene units or wingtip substituents with donor functionalities. Such complexes have been fully characterized, and in the case of complex 15 the crystal structure was also obtained. Such complexes have been successfully employed as catalysts in transfer hydrogenation of ketones: a scope of substrates has been spanned, and the tested complexes, especially complex 16, showed moderate to good activity.
iv] Reactivity and coordination properties of mono- and di-NHC ligands derived from non-classical carbene units.
In the frame of a collaboration with the group of Prof. C. J. (Kees) Elsevier (University of Amsterdam), the possibility to obtain Ir(III) complexes with six-membered saturated NHCs was investigated. Unfortunately, the results obtained in this regard are not satisfactory, probably for the intrinsic instability of the ligand precursors and/or of the corresponding free carbenes.
Furthermore, the synthesis and the reactivity of mixed NHC-MIC ligands has been successfully carried out. The synthesis of the corresponding silver(I) complexes was performed and a preliminary optimization of the transmetalation reaction conditions has been accomplished, leading to the obtainment of a novel Ir(III) complex bearing a NHC-MIC ligand
La riduzione del "rumore" nei referti in diagnostica per immagini. Teoria delle comunicazioni ed applicazioni pratiche.
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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