482 research outputs found
The Negro in the novels of Rene Maran, 1940
No full textThis study of the Negro in the novels of Rene Maran, Frances most prominent contemporary Negro author, is one of several being made at Atlanta University on the Negro in French literature. This attempt to-show how a Negro, the only one ever to receive the Prix Goncourt, portrays his African brothers, is the first American study of Rene Maran's novels. It is hoped that it will be a modest contribution to an almost unexplored field in French literature and that other students of France and her culture will be inspired to make a more extensive study of Rene Maran and his works. The first chapter is devoted to the life of Rene Maran and a discussion of his style and most important works. The second chapter presents the physical characteristics of the Negro as portrayed by Rene' Maran. Emphasis is placed on physical appearance, tribal marks, dress, disease and odors which seem to be especially characteristic of the Negro. The third chapter is devoted to the social characteristics of the Negro with emphasis on home life, food, religion, feasts, and governments. The last chapter will present a summary of the findings of this study. The appendix includes short synopses of each of the novels with Negro characters, and a latter from Monsieur Maran to the writer. aIt is to be regretted that such a small amount of material has been written on Rene Maran. Because of his modesty he has written even less about himself. Biographical material consists principally of Leon Bocquet's "Preface" to le Petit Roi de Chimerie, a fairy story by Rene Maran; le Coeur serre, an autobiography written as a novel; several articles which have appeared in periodicals and the forementioned letter from Monsieur Maran. First editions of all novels, with exception of Le Livre de la brousse, were used. As the latter was unavailable, the second edition (1937) was used. Rene Maran's most important novels on Africa, Batouala, Djouma, Chien de brousse, Le Journal sans date end le Livre de la brousse have been studied. The novelettes Bokorro and Bassarragba have also been used as references but the longer novels have constituted our major interest. Le Petit Roi de Chimerie , though it contains no Negro characters, was quoted because of one excellent example of Rene Maran's style. Less stress has been placed on Le Journal sans date because only one of its characters is a Negro. The writer sincerely appreciates the kindness and help of Rene Maran, whose letter was a source of constant encouragement
René Maran critique littéraire
No full textLes travaux consacrés à René Maran abordent rarement l'activité critique de l'auteur. Outre ses qualités de poète, de romancier, de nouvelliste et fabuliste, d'essayiste, Maran s'est également adonné à la critique littéraire, dans des revues et journaux. C'est cet aspect de l'homme que je souhaite analyser dans les revues Europe, Les Lettres françaises et Présence africaine ainsi que les lettres inédites à Frédéric Jacques Temple, à la fin des années 1940 autour d’Un homme pareil aux autres. Que ressort-il de la lecture de ces articles ? Quelles facettes de l’homme/artiste/esthète révèlent-ils ? Que nous apprennent-ils des affinités intellectuelles de Maran, de ses vues sur la littérature en général et sur celle de l’outre-mer en particulier ? The works devoted to René Maran rarely address his activity as a literary critic. Besides having been a poet, an author, a novelist and a fabulist, an essayist, Maran also devoted himself to literary criticism in journals and publications. We would like to analyze this dimension of his work in the following journals Europe, Les Lettres françaises, Présence africaine, as well as in unpublished letters to Frédéric Jacques Temple, at the end of the 1940s. What comes out of reading these articles? What aspects of the man/artist/aesthete do they reveal? What do they teach us about Maran's intellectual affinities, his views on literature in general and that of Overseas France in particular
A sentimenthèque de René Maran em La vie intérieure-poèmes
No full textThe writer René Maran (1887-1960), known for being the first black writer in metropolitan France to receive the prestigious Goncourt prize in 1921 for his novel Batouala (1921), is also the author of a valuable poetic work, but little known or forgotten. This work, contemporary with his prose, proves to be complementary and allows the broadening of the perception we can have of the author. This study seeks, by analysing the author’s sentimenthèque present in the collection of poems La vie intérieure, to reestablish the figure of the great literate and also poet who was René Maran.O escritor René Maran (1887-1960), conhecido por ter sido o primeiro escritor negro, na França metropolitana, a receber o prestigioso prêmio Goncourt em 1921 pelo seu romance Batouala (1921), é também autor de uma obra poética valiosa, mas pouco conhecida ou esquecida. Essa obra, contemporânea de sua prosa, se mostra complementar e permite alargar a percepção que pode se ter do autor. Esse estudo busca por meio da análise da sentimenthèque do autor presente na coletânea de poemas La vie intérieure, reestabelecer a figura do grande poeta, do grande letrado que foi também René Maran
Du nouveau sur le procès Blaise Diagne–René Maran
No full textLe Sénégalais Blaise Diagne (1872-1934), élu à la Chambre en 1914, franc-maçon depuis 1899, assimilationniste, fut nommé en janvier 1918 par Clemenceau commissaire général du recrutement indigène en Afrique. Dans un article paru dans Les Continents le 15 octobre 1924, on l’accuse d’avoir profité personnellement de ce poste, et cet article est attribué au Guyanais René Maran (1887-1960), né à la Martinique, prix Goncourt 1921 pour son roman Batouala, qui avait fondé le journal bimensuel avec le Dahoméen Kojo Tovalou Houénou (1887-1936), avocat et dandy. Diagne intente contre Maran un procès en diffamation qu’il gagne, signant ainsi l’arrêt de mort du journal. Des lettres inédites de Maran, dont la probité ne saurait être mise en doute, montrent que, contrairement à ce qu’on a cru jusqu’ici, il n’était pas l’auteur de l’article incriminé.The Senegalese Blaise Diagne (1872-1934), elected to Parliament in 1914, a freemason since 1899 and a partisan of assimilation, was named in January 1918 by Clemenceau commissioner general for native recruitment in Africa. In an article published in Les Continents on October 15, 1924, he was accused of profiting personally from this post, and the article was attributed to the Guyanese René Maran (1887-1960), born in Martinique, who won the Prix Goncourt in 1921 for his novel Batouala, and who had founded the bi-monthly newspaper with the Dahomean Kojo Tovalou Houénou (1887-1936), attorney and dandy. Diagne sued for libel and won, thereby ensuring the demise of the newspaper. Unpublished letters by Maran, whose integrity cannot be doubted, show that, contrary to what has been believed to date, he was not the author of the offending article
Nethmap / Maran 2017
No full textThe number of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials is increasing worldwide. In the Netherlands, the number of resistant bacteria that can cause infections in humans has remained broadly stable. Nevertheless there is cause for concern and caution. Compared to 2015, in 2016 more 'outbreaks' in healthcare institutions of bacteria that are resistant to last-resort antimicrobials were reported. There is a chance that these bacteria will become more and more common. Although healthy people are not affected, these bacteria can make vulnerable people very sick. If more and more bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials, the treatment options will eventually become limited and it will also become more difficult to treat less serious conditions such as urinary tract infections. The more antimicrobials are used, the greater the chance that bacteria will develop resistance. In 2016, general practitioners wrote approximately two percent fewer prescriptions for antimicrobials than in 2015. The total use of antimicrobials in Dutch hospitals remained stable in 2015, compared to an increase in antimicrobial use in the previous year. The use of antimicrobials for animals decreased further in 2016 compared to 2015, but has been decreasing more slowly in recent years than it did previously. The degree of bacterial resistance in animals also decreased further. This is shown in the annual NethMap/MARAN 2017 report, in which various organisations present their data on antimicrobial use and resistance in the Netherlands, for humans as well as animals. Firstly, to combat resistance, it is important to base the choice to prescribe antimicrobials on the individual patient and the infection concerned. Secondly, it is important that it quickly becomes clear when resistant bacteria are involved and that proper tests are used to determine this. Thirdly, it is important that healthcare providers carefully follow existing hygiene procedures, such as handwashing, in order to prevent resistant bacteria from spreading. For example, thanks to these measures, the number of MRSA bacteria in hospitals has remained low in recent years. This type of 'hospital bacteria' is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact, particularly via the hands, and is insensitive to many types of antimicrobials. Part 1: NethMap 2017 pg 1 - 160 Part 2: MARAN 2017 pg 1 - 80Wereldwijd neemt het aantal bacteriën die resistent zijn tegen antibiotica toe. In Nederland is het aantal resistente bacteriën die bij mensen infecties kunnen veroorzaken, ongeveer stabiel gebleven. Toch blijft er reden voor zorg en oplettendheid. In 2016 zijn er ten opzichte van 2015 meer 'uitbraken' in zorginstellingen gemeld van bacteriën die resistent zijn tegen de antibiotica die als laatste redmiddel worden gebruikt. De kans bestaat dat deze bacteriën nog vaker gaan voorkomen. Gezonde mensen hebben daar geen last van, maar kwetsbare mensen kunnen er ziek van worden. Als steeds meer bacteriën resistent worden tegen antibiotica, worden de behandelmogelijkheden op den duur beperkt en wordt het moeilijker om ook onschuldige kwalen als een blaasontsteking te kunnen behandelen. Hoe meer antibiotica worden gebruikt, hoe groter de kans dat bacteriën resistent worden. In 2016 hebben huisartsen ongeveer 2 procent minder antibioticakuren voorgeschreven dan in 2015. In Nederlandse ziekenhuizen is het totale gebruik in 2015 stabiel gebleven, in tegenstelling tot een stijging van antibioticagebruik in het jaar ervoor. Het gebruik van antibiotica voor dieren is in 2016 verder gedaald ten opzichte van 2015, maar neemt de laatste jaren minder snel af dan daarvoor. De mate waarin resistente bacteriën bij dieren voorkomen bleek ook verder te zijn afgenomen. Dit blijkt uit de jaarlijkse rapportage NethMap/MARAN 2017, waarin diverse organisaties de gegevens over het antibioticagebruik en -resistentie in Nederland, zowel voor mensen als voor dieren, gezamenlijk presenteren. Om resistentie tegen te gaan is het van belang de keuze om antibiotica voor te schrijven af te stemmen op de individuele patiënt en de infectie. Ten tweede is het belangrijk dat snel duidelijk wordt wanneer er sprake is van resistente bacteriën en dat goede tests worden gebruikt om dat te bepalen. Ten derde is het van belang dat zorgverleners zorgvuldig de bestaande (hygiëne)maatregelen, zoals handen wassen, naleven om te voorkomen dat resistente bacteriën zich verspreiden. Door op deze manieren te handelen is bijvoorbeeld het aantal MRSA-bacteriën in ziekenhuizen de afgelopen jaren laag gebleven. Deze 'ziekenhuisbacterie' wordt overgedragen via direct huidcontact, vooral via handen, en is ongevoelig voor veel soorten antibiotica. Part 1: NethMap 2017 pg 1 - 160 Part 2: MARAN 2017 pg 1 - 8
René Maran et la découverte de l’inconscient. Un intérêt ambivalent ?
No full textCette contribution propose d’éclairer l’œuvre de René Maran à partir d’une problématique particulière, celle de la découverte de l’inconscient, qui caractérise le moment dans lequel il écrit. L’avant-texte que nous laisse l’auteur, sous la forme de sa correspondance avec Manoel Gahisto, nous renseigne sur les sources à l’origine de l’œuvre. Parmi celles-ci, la littérature scientifique relative aux découvertes de son époque sur le fonctionnement du psychisme humain tient une place importante. La question que nous nous posons est la suivante : en quoi les lectures scientifiques de René Maran nourrissent-elles l’œuvre ?This article tends to show that the discovery of the unconscious by Dr. Freud is prominent in René Maran's writing - as demonstrated by letters written by the author to his friend of 40 years Manoel Gahisto, revealing many things about his personal life and novels
Nethmap 2015: Consumption of antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial resistance among medically important bacteria in the Netherlands / MARAN 2015: Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic usage in animals in the Netherlands in 2014
No full textcollectie VZinfo2015-07Het NethMap/MARAN-rapport is samengesteld door Stichting Werkgroep Antibioticabeleid (SWAB), Centrum Infectieziektebestrijding van het RIVM, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), onderdeel van Wageningen UR, de Nederlandse Voedsel en Waren Autoriteit (NVWA) en de Stichting Diergeneesmiddelenautoriteit (SDa). NethMap verschijnt dit jaar voor de dertiende keer. Het is de vierde keer dat deze humane gegevens uit de NethMap gezamenlijk worden gepresenteerd met de veterinaire gegevens uit MARAN. MARAN monitort gebruik van en resistentie tegen antibiotica in de dierensector al sinds 1998. part 1: Nethmap 2015 pag 1-116 part 2: MARAN 2015 pag 1-7
Impossible généalogie littéraire de René Maran
No full textThe fate of an author and the book mostly depends on the comments of narrators and archivers. Journalistic criticism is largely responsible for the reception of any works with its judgments which is also including heated reactions. Our intervention primarily aims to oust Maran and his character Batouala from the memory of literature as it is being “made” through the press of the time (newspapers and magazines). It also questions the place accorded to it a posteriori by the French and French literary anthologies
Romans in „Maran Atha” by Johann Gottfried Herder (1779)
No full textPrezentowany artykuł nosi tytuł Rzymianie w Maran Atha Johanna Gottfrieda Herdera (1779). J. G. Herder (1744 – 1803) należy do wybitnych postaci naszego regionu. We współczesnej dyskusji naukowej na temat jego dorobku i znaczenia przeważają studia związane z jego twórczością jako filozofa, antropologa kultury, lingwisty czy teologa, jednak jego egzegeza biblijna jest mało znana. Do ważnych dzieł egzegetycznych Herdera należy zaliczyć komentarz do Apokalipsy św. Jana Maran Atha. Das Buch von der Zukunft der Herrn, des Neuen Testaments Siegel, Ryga 1779. Jedną z ważnych cech komentarza stanowi interpretacja szeregu tekstów Ap jako zapowiedzi wydarzeń wojny żydowskiej (66 – 73). W czasie tego konfliktu kluczową rolę odegrały wojska rzymskie i ich dowódcy. Herder przedstawia Rzymian jako wykonawców wyroków Bożych wobec ówczesnego Izraela i Jerozolimy. Odpowiedzialność za klęskę ponoszą bowiem przedstawiciele elit powstańczych. Mimo oczywistych aluzji do działań Rzymian wobec Żydów, tekst Ap posiada także znaczenie eschatologiczne i chrystologiczne. W ten sposób Herder wiąże kontekst kulturowy powstania Ap z jej przesłaniem teologicznym.The subject of the presented paper is Romans in Maran Atha by Johann Gottfried Herder (1779). J. G. Herder (1744 – 1803) is one of the outstanding figures of our region. The contemporary academic discussion concerning his achievements and significance predominantly consists of studies related to his work as a philosopher, cultural anthropologist, linguist and theologian, but his biblical exegesis is less known. One of Herder‘s important exgetic works is "Maran Atha. Das Buch von der Zukunft der Herrn, des Neuen Testaments Siegel", Riga 1779. The author interprets numerous texts of the Apocalypse as referring to the Jewish war (66 – 73). During the conflict the Romans and their commanders played an important role. Herder represents the Romans as executors of God’s punishment against Israel and Jerusalem. Responsibility for disaster lies with the representatives of Jewish insurgents. Apart from allusions to the Romans and the Jews text of the "Apocalypse" refers to eschatology and christology. On this way Herder links the cultural context and theology of the biblical book
Dependence of Intramolecular Dissociative Electron Transfer Rates on Driving Force in Donor-Spacer-Acceptor Systems
No full textThe voltammetric reduction of a series of phenyl-substituted 4-benzoyloxy-1-methylcyclohexyl bromides
has been investigated in DMF. The reduction leads to the cleavage of the C-Br bond. On a thermodynamic
ground, the direct reduction of the tertiary C-Br function is easier than that of the selected benzoates
by at least 0.5 V. However, since the direct reduction of bromides is affected by a large activation overpotential,
the electron is first located in the benzoate moiety. The rate constant for the following exergonic intramolecular
dissociative electron transfer was determined by kinetic analysis of the cyclic voltammetry curves. The
intermolecular rate constants for the reaction between the radical anions of methyl benzoates and 4-tert-butyl-
1-methylcyclohexyl bromide were also determined and found to correlate very well with related literature data
pertaining to tert-butyl bromide. The intramolecular rate constants were found to be more sensitive to variation
of driving force than the corresponding intermolecular data. This result can be attributed to a shift of the
center of the ð* orbital of the radical anion donor away from the acceptor moiety, the shift being larger for
the most easily reduced donors. The resulting distance increase is therefore envisaged as responsible for a
more rapid rate drop, compared to the intermolecular pattern, when smaller driving forces are considered
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