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No full textFil: Limonta, Gabriela. Instituto del Profesorado Nº 2 - "Joaquín V. González".Fil: Peter, Carina. Instituto del Profesorado Nº 2 - "Joaquín V. González"
First results on Heteroptera (Hemiptera) of dry grassland in Malpaga-Basella Nature Reserve (Italy)
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First Results on Heteroptera (Hemiptera) of Dry Grassland in Malpaga-Basella Nature Reserve (Italy)
by Lidia Limonta
1,* [ORCID] , Paolo Gaini
2 and Paride Dioli
3 [ORCID]
1
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy
2
Via Oratorio 2, 24050 Cavernago, BG, Italy
3
Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, MI, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2022, 14(11), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110981
Received: 15 September 2022 / Revised: 4 November 2022 / Accepted: 9 November 2022 / Published: 15 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invertebrate Diversity in Fragmented Habitats)
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Abstract
The Nature Reserve Malpaga-Basella, located along the Serio River in Lombardy, was recently established in 2017. It is interesting as it presents plant species typical in dry grassland habitats, not present in the surrounding area. In this study, Heteroptera were surveyed in the Nature Reserve and in a bordering giant Miscanthus crop in 2019. The biodiversity of the reserve was well characterized by the presence of species linked to arid environments with steppe or Mediterranean characteristics, like Antheminia lunulata. Four species new for Lombardy were collected, Lygus italicus, Drymus pilipes, Ortholomus punctipennis, and Arenocoris waltlii. Giant Miscanthus hosted only a few ubiquitous species, also collected in the Nature Reserve
Morphological analysis of force/velocity relationship in dynamic exercise at varying loads
No full textThis study examined the force/velocity (F/V) curve morphology among the entire concentric phase of the countermovement squat (CMS). The hypothesis is that F/V curve shape of the lower limb muscles complex is different from F/V isolated muscle curve and
that these analyses could be useful in characterizing athletes’ muscular capacity and training programs. Squat exercise was
performed by 29 subjects (15 men and 14 women, divided into resistance and endurance athletes). The protocol was 6 3 1
CMS at maximal speed with increasing loads: 20, 35, 50, 65, 80, 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Displacement, speed, and acceleration of the weight bar, joint knee angles, knee angular speed, and total and normalized forces were collected. F/V relation was obtained by force and velocity values of each 10 angular interval of the concentric phase for any load.
Results show that the F/V relationship does not follow a linear shape and an equivalent criterion for all loads. We observed a ‘‘second peak force’’ statistically higher (p , 0.05) than the inversion peak at 80 and 90% 1RM. Resistance trained men showed a ‘‘second peak’’ higher and larger than that shown by endurance trained men. This indicated a higher ability to produce and maintain greater force at higher relative speed. These results may be helpful to identify the muscle characteristics of the athletes at various speeds and joint positions. With a phase division of the specific move, it will be possible to determine an individualized program to monitor the specific phases of technical moves and to evaluate the training effect in long run
SAT0247 Efficacy and safety of modified-release prednisone in managing moderate activity systemic lupus erythematous during pregnancy: an implemented case-control study
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Il ritorno del linguaggio. Guglielmo di Ockham e la teoria semantica aristotelica
No full text#Between#1317#and1323,#William#of#Ockham#composed#an#extended#commentary#on#Aristotle’s#De+interpretatione.#However,#his#reflections#on#Aristotelian#logic#and#puzzles#are#not#limited#to this#work.#In#particular,#the#author#focuses,#among#other#Ockham#texts,#on#the#Tractatus de+ praedestinatione+ et+ de+ praescientia+ Dei+ respectu+ futurorum+ contingentium (1321-1324).#It#provides#a#privileged#point#of#view#on#the#Ockhamian#reading#of#De+interpretatione+because#the#latter#is#used#as#a#philosophical#tool#to#solve#the#question#of#the#nature# –# determined# or#indetermined# –# and#the#truth# conditions# of# future#tense# propositions,#a#problem#grounded#historically#in#the#debate#on#book#IX#of#De+interpretatione.
In#a#criticism#of#Duns#Scotus’s#position#on#this#topic,#Ockham#formulates#his#linguisticsolution#to#save#concomitantly#divine#foreknowledge#and#human#free#will:#the#propositions#of#divina+praescientia are#verbally#(secundum+vocem)#simply#related#to#the#present
but#are#in#fact (secundum+rem)#related#to#the#future,#from#which#they#can#be#determinedas#true#or#false.#Thus,#the#truthHvalue#of#the#future#tense#propositions#is#guaranteed#by their#being#objects#of#divine#foreknowledge,#but#at#the#same#time those#propositions#areopen#to#free#will’s#choices#since#they are still indetermined in the present
Effect of respiratory muscle training on maximum aerobic power in normoxia and hypoxia
No full textTo assess the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in normoxia and hypoxia, 9 healthy males (age 24 +/- 4 years; stature 1.75 +/- 0.08 m; body mass 72 +/- 9 kg; mean +/- SD) performed on different days maximal incremental tests on a cycle ergometer in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (FIO2=0.11), before and after 8 weeks of RMT (5 days/week). During each test, gas exchange variables were measured breath-by-breath by a metabolimeter. After RMT, no changes in cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables were detected at maximal exercise in normoxia. On the contrary, in hypoxia expired and alveolar ventilation (V(E(and V(A), respectively) at maximal exercise were significantly higher than pre-training condition (+12 and +13%, respectively; P < 0.05). Accordingly, alveolar O2 partial pressure (PAO2) after RMT significantly increased by approximately 10%. Nevertheless, arterial PO2 and VO2max did not change with respect to pre-training condition. In conclusion, RMT improved respiratory function but did not have any effect on VO2max, neither under normoxic nor hypoxic condition. In hypoxia, the significant increase in V(E) and V(A) at maximum exercise after training lead to higher alveolar but not arterial PO2 values, revealing an increased A-a gradient. This result, according to the theoretical models of VO2max limitation, seems to contradict the lack of VO2max increase in hypoxia, suggesting a possible role of increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch
5-HT1A receptors are involved in the anxiolytic effect of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and AM 404, the anandamide transport inhibitor, in Sprague-Dawley rats
No full textThe mechanism mediating the effects of cannabinoids on anxiety-related responses appear to involve cannabinoid CB1 and non-CB1 receptors. However, other neurotransmitters may play a role in such effect. This study shows evidence of an interaction between endocannabinoid system and serotonin (5-HT), 1A receptor subtype on anxiety-like behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats. The exogenous cannabinoid agonist, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-arachidonylamide, the anandamide transporter inhibitor (AM 404) were evaluated in the elevated plus maze test. THC (0.075-0.75 mg/kg i.p.), given 30 min and AM 404 (0.75-1.25 mg/kg i. p.), given 60 min before the test, exhibited a dose-response anxiolytic effect evaluated in terms of increase in the percentage of total entries and time spent in the open and decrease of total entries and time spent in the closed arms. The anxiolytic effect obtained with the maximal active dose of both THC (0.75 mg/kg) and AM 404 (1.25 mg/kg) was blocked by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-N-pyridin-2-yl-cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydro chloride (WAY-100635 (300 microg/kg, s.c.), given 30 min before THC or 15 min before AM 404. The combination of an ineffective dose of THC (0.015 mg/kg) or AM 404 (0.015 mg/kg) on anxiety-related responses with an ineffective dose of the 5HT(1A) receptor agonist, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) (7.5 microg/kg, i.p.), led to a synergistic effect. No interference with spontaneous motor activity, evaluated in an activity cage for 5 min, in rats given the drugs alone or in combination, was found. These data suggest that the anxiolytic effect produced by endo- and eso-cannabinoids is modulated by 5-HT1A receptors
AM 404 leads to neuroprotection against ischemia-induced neuronal injury
No full textAnandamide and 2-AG, the most endocannabinoids studied, are produced “on demand” after cerebral ischemia from membrane associated precursors (Baker et al., 2003). As soon as anandamide is released, the diffusion process is accelerated by a rapid and selective carrier system (Piomelli 2003). The development of a series of anandamide transport inhibitors, to slow its elimination and to magnify its beneficial effects, such as AM404, can provide a new tool to investigate the role of endocannabinoids (Piomelli, 2003). Since it is well known the protective role of anandamide in processes occurring during cerebral ischemia (van der Stelt et al., 2001; Berger et al, 2004), the aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of AM404 against neuronal injury in vivo. The animal model we used was the transient global cerebral ischemia induced by Bilateral Carotid Arteries Occlusion (BCAO) in mongolian gerbils. The compound was given i.p. 5 min after BCAO in a range of doses between 0.01 and 1 mg/kg. To quantify the ischemic damage we measured from 1 hour to 7 days after recirculation, electroencephalographic (EEG) mean total spectral power, spontaneous motor activity, cognitive function, rectal temperature and hippocampal neuronal count, all parameters known to be hardly influenced by BCAO (Peruche et al., 1995). AM404 antagonized hyperlocomotion, evaluated in an “activity cage” on Day 1 and the EEG flattening, on Day 7. AM 404 also induced a significant decrease of rectal temperature, within the first hour, and reversed ischemia-induced cognitive deficit, evaluated through the passive avoidance test, on Day 3. Finally, histological examination, carried out on Day 7 with cresyl violet staining, showed that AM404 protected against neuronal loss in CA1 hippocampal subfield. These results, taken together, demonstrate the anti-ischemic effect of AM 404 suggesting a protective role of endocannabinoids in events occurring during cerebral injury. Since it’s well documented an affinity for vanilloid receptors, experiments are in progress to clarify the mechanism by which AM404 shows its protective effect
Involvement of 5-HT1A serotonergic receptor on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced emotional response in rats
No full textThe major psychoactive constituent of cannabis, Δ9-THC, affects emotional reactivity in humans (Porter and Felder, 2001) and laboratory animals by activating brain cannabinoid receptors (Onaivi et al. 1990; Berrendero and Maldonado 2002). The 5HT system plays a key modulatory role in CNS processes that appear to be dysregulated in psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, fear, depression or aggression (Griebel, 1995). The role of 5HT1A serotonergic receptor, located in serotonergic patways projecting from mid-brain raphe nuclei to limbic areas, in the modulation of anxious states has been particularly well studied (Handley, 1995; Barnes and Sharp, 1999). To date, there is only one report on the involvement of 5HT1A serotonergic receptor in anxiogenic-like response induced by CP 55,940 (Marco et al., 2004). The aim of the present work was to further elucidate the role of 5-HT1A serotonergic receptor on emotional reactivity induced by cannabinoids in rats using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST). D9–THC (0.015-3 mg/kg), was studied in a EPM apparatus according to Pellow et al. (1985). The test length was 5 min, the total time spent in each arm and the number of arm entries were scored by trained observers in male Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 min after treatment. The FST, evaluated according to Porsolt et al., (1977), consisted in two swimming sessions where the time of immobility during the 2nd 5-min session was an indicator of antidepressant activity. D9–THC showed a biphasic effect being anxiolytic at a low (0.75 mg/kg) and anxiogenic at a high (3 mg/kg) dose. Lower doses as 0.015 and 0.075 mg/kg significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST, showing an antidepressant activity. Pre-treatment with the 5-HT1A serotonergic receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.3 mg/kg) given s.c. 1h before D9–THC, significantly reversed its anxiolytic effect. A synergistic action on anxiolytic effect, when the 5-HT1A serotonergic receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.0075 mg/kg) was given in combination with D9–THC, was observed. These findings support a key role of 5-HT1A serotonergic receptor in the regulation of D9–THC-induced emotional states
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