1,721,002 research outputs found
Linking cross-compliance and agri-environmental schemes: a case study in Emilia Romagna
Full text linkAgri-environmental schemes (AES) have been studied under different perspectives in Europe, since the beginning of the ‘90s. Under regulation 1698/2005, agri-environmental schemes design has been modified with a more clear identification of a baseline for
identifying the commitments and the costs of these prescriptions.
The link between cross-compliance and agri-environmental schemes can be interpreted as a problem of joint design by the decision maker. From the farmer’s point of view, private costs of participations in agri-environmental schemes shall be added to the cost to be compliant with the mandatory standard defined for each measure if they are not already implemented. This amount of costs arise when mandatory standard are required in the whole
farm, even if agri-environmental schemes are applied in a small portion of the farm. The objectives of this paper is to investigate the farmer choice under different amounts of control and sanctions about the application to mandatory standards and about the
commitments required by agri-environmental schemes, in conditions of moral hazard. A case study in an area of Emilia Romagna (Italy) has been developed. The simulations are referred to an agri-environmental scheme relative to input reductions use. The model offers useful insights about the mechanisms of compliance in agri-environmental schemes and their implications for the effects of policies in the case study area
Politiche agroambientali e oltre Agriculture and environment: Towards a new generation of agri-environmental policies?
No full textIl workshop intende raccogliere i partecipanti al progetto ITAES (http://merlin.lusignan.inra.fr/ITAES/website) e la comunità scientifica italiana con l’obiettivo di discutere questi temi, in un incontro aperto a rappresentanti delle amministrazioni competenti.
Temi
Il workshop si propone di affrontare i seguenti argomenti:
1. Analisi dei problemi di applicazione e dei risultati della programmazione agro-ambientale.
2. Analisi degli aspetti agro-ambientali della condizionalità e delle altre misure connesse al primo pilastro della PAC.
3. Nuovi meccanismi di incentivazione delle esternalità positive prodotte dal settore agricolo (es. contratti locali).
4. connessioni ed interazione con la normativa ambientale (direttiva quadro sull’acqua, Natura 2000, ecc.)
Implementing the Water Framework Directive: Contract Design and the Cost of Measures to Reduce Nitrogen Pollution From Agriculture
No full textThe performance of different policy design strategies is a key issue in evaluating programmes for water quality improvement under the Water Framework Directive (60/2000). This issue is emphasised by information asymmetries between regulator and agents. Using an economic model under asymmetric information, the aim of this paper is to compare the cost-effectiveness of selected methods of designing payments to farmers in order to reduce nitrogen pollution in agriculture. A principal-agent model is
used, based on profit functions generated through farm-level linear programming. This allows a comparison of flat rate payments and a menu of contracts developed through mechanism design. The model is tested in an area of Emilia Romagna (Italy) in two policy contexts: Agenda 2000 and the 2003 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform. The results show that different policy design options lead to differences in policy costs as great as 200–400%, with clear advantages for the menu of contracts. However, different policy scenarios may strongly affect such differences. Hence, the paper calls for greater attention to the interplay between CAP scenarios and water quality measure
Designing contracts for irrigation water under asymmetric information: Are simple pricing mechanisms enough?
No full textA fertile discussion is developing in the EU regarding the application of the Water Framework Directive (60/2000) (WFD), the legislative act that provides the framework for water regulation in Europe and emphasises the role of economic instruments in water policy. The objective of this paper is to provide an evaluation of different instruments designed to deal with the management of water for agriculture, in the perspective of WFD implementation and agricultural price scenarios. The paper focuses on the regulation of mixed source unmetered water and carries out a comparison of flat rate versus differentiated contracts as the policy instrument. The analysis is based on a combination of linear programming and a Principal-Agent model. The empirical model is applied in an agricultural area of Northern Italy. The results show the feasibility of incentive-oriented policy instruments, even in the less sophisticated form of flat rate area payments. They also show the relevance of agricultural market scenarios and policy scenarios in the design of the optimal policy instruments. The adoption of such instruments, however, could require a revision of the role of different institutions involved in water management
INCENTIVES, INSTITUTIONS AND INFORMATION: EVOLVING AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN AN AREA OF NORTHERN ITALY
No full textA widening discussion is developing in the EU about the application of the Water Framework Directive (60/2000) (WFD) that provides the framework for water regulation in Europe and emphasizes the role of economic instruments in water policy. The objective of this paper is to provide an evaluation of different instruments to deal with the management of water for agriculture, in the perspective of WFD implementation and agricultural price scenarios. The paper focuses on the regulation of mixed source unmetered water and carries out a comparison of flat rate vs. differentiated contracts as the policy instrument. The analysis is based on a combination of linear programming and a principal agent model. The empirical model is applied in an agricultural area of Northern Italy. The results show the feasibility of incentive-oriented policy instruments, even in the less sophisticated form of flat rate area payments. They also show the relevance of agricultural market and policy scenarios in the design of the optimal policy instruments. The adoption of such instruments, however, could require a revision of the role of different institutions involved in water management
Politiche ambientali per la gestione sostenibile della risorsa acqua in agricoltura
No full textFacendo riferimento alle Direttive Ue Nitrati ed Acque, la ricerca valuta le implicazioni di natura economica ed ambientale derivanti da provvedimenti alternativi di regolamentazione dell’uso irriguo ed ambientale delle risorse idriche.
L’uso ambientale è assunto misurato dal livello di nitrati rilasciati nelle falde acquifere dalle pratiche agricole intraprese: mediante la stima del valore del costo di ripristino della qualità del bene naturale (potabilità dell’acqua) e l’implementazione del modello settoriale CAPRI-ELBA (integrazione con un modulo bio-fisico e definizione di misure di internalizzazione dei costi sociali nell’ambito del bilancio delle imprese responsabili), lo studio prende in esame l’intero pathway dell’uso ambientale delle risorse idriche misurandone le singole fasi secondo il modello causale DPSIR.
In questo quadro, le simulazioni condotte dallo studio comparano scenari definiti dalle politiche ambientali (R) previste dalla normativa (tariffa) ed ipotizzate (standard ed incentivi) valutandone le ricadute in termini di efficacia (consumo irriguo ed ambientale dell’acqua) e di efficienza (scelte delle imprese ed implicazioni economiche)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
- …
