60 research outputs found
PENERJEMAHAN KATA BUDAYA DALAM LASKAR PELANGI KE DALAM NOVEL BAHASA JEPANG NIJI NO SHOONENTACHI
Get PDF<p>This research aims to describe the method and technique of the translation of cultural words in “Laskar Pelangi” into a Japanese novel, “Niji no Shoonentachi.” This research uses a descriptive approach with comparative models. Cultural words in this study are determined based on the classification proposed by Newmark’s models. In this research 186 data have been collected according to the two cultural categories, namely, material one and ecological one. The data collection was conducted by comparing Japanese: the target language, and Indonesian: the source language. This comparative analysis of the data uses work tools such as dictionaries, both printed and online. <br />As a result, there are 161 equivalent and 25 not equivalent found out of the 186 data in the translation. The strategy used by the translator consists of literal translation, using general words, cultural substitution, couplet, naturalization from Indonesian, omission, descriptive, naturalization from English and calque. Meanwhile, the language style of the translator tends to follow the language style of the author, trying to bring out the aesthetic value of the source language. Following this tendency and this attitude, the translator of “Laskar Pelangi” has produced the good quality translation</p></jats:p
The Silesian language in the early 21st century : A speech community on the rollercoaster of politics
No full textLanguages are made and unmade, as nations are. The vagaries of history and politics that create the fluctuating framework in which human groups exist, influence these groups’ thinking about their own speech. Over the course of history Upper Silesia’s Slavophones (a group who, in the modern period, were predominantly bilingual in German) were divided up at different times between Prussia, Austria (that is, the Habsburg lands), Germany, Czechoslovakia (today, the Czech Republic) and Poland, and they had to adapt to these changes. During the last two centuries, with the rise of ethnolinguistic nationalism in Central Europe, it meant either accepting a dominant ethnolinguistic national identity, complete with its specific standard language (especially in the dark period of authoritarianisms and totalitarianism between 1926 and 1989), or inventing a Silesianness, frequently buttressed by the concept of a Silesian language. Against this backdrop, the article considers the emergence of the Silesian (regional, ethnic, national?) movement during the last two decades, with the main focus on efforts to standardize Silesian and have it recognized as a language in its own right.Peer reviewe
"Naughty girls," "bad wives" and "unwise mothers" : subtitle early stories by Oba Minako in the literary-social context of Japan in the 1960s
No full textThis thesis explores Ȏba Minako's (1930-) philosophy of the feminine in the literarysocial
context of Japan of the 1960s. Ȏba is one of the most remarkable contemporary Japanese
women writers both as a talented author and a social nonconformist. Ȏba's revolutionary
concepts of the feminine were the most explicitly articulated in her early stories, "Kȏzu no nai e"
[Picture with no Composition] (1963), "Niji to ukihashi" [The Rainbow and a Floating Bridge]
(1967) and "Sanbiki no kani" [The Three Crabs] (1967).
The main body of my thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter One begins with a brief
overview of the basic aspects of human sexuality, the genesis of the institution qf marriage and
family, and the roots of the subordinate status of women. It also includes a very concise history
of the gender relations in premodern Japan and the evolution of those into the reactionary
concept "ryȏsai kenbo" [good wife, wise mother] during the Meiji period (1868-1911). This
concept survived Japan's defeat in the Pacific War and the following democratization of the
country's political and social systems. In 1960s in Japan it still remained a dominant idea in
gender relations.
The second chapter of my thesis deals with the texts of Ȏba's early stories, mentioned
above. These works are analyzed in order to conceptualize Ȏba's views on the feminine and the
marital-familial system.
Chapter Three briefly outlines the situation in Japanese women's literature in the 1960s
and discusses four pieces of the female fiction of that time-"Parutai" [Partei] (1960) by
Kurahashi Yumiko, "Banshȏ" [Evening Bells] (1960) by Harada Yasuko, "Kiji" [Pheasant]
(1963) by Setouchi Harumi and "Saigo no toki" [The Last Time] (1966) by Kȏno Taeko .
Having examined the above-mentioned texts, I conclude that the philosophy of the
feminine, which Ȏba Minako articulated in her early stories, boldly and openly challenged the
Japanese establishment and its "good wife, wise mother" dogma, which remained a cornerstone of
gender relations in the 1960s. The radicalism and unorthodoxy of this author's views went far
ahead of her time, having almost no analogues in Japanese women's literature of that time.Arts, Faculty ofAsian Studies, Department ofGraduat
Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Secreted Extracellular Matrix Coating on a Woven Nanotextile Vascular Patch for Improved Endothelial Cell Response
No full textBiomedical
implants possessing the structural and functional characteristics
of extracellular matrix (ECM) are pivotal for vascular applications.
This study investigated the potential of recreating a natural ECM-like
structural and functional environment on the surface of biodegradable
polymeric nanotextiles for vascular implants. Human adipose-derived
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were grown on a suitably engineered
polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous textile and were allowed to modify
its surface through the deposition of MSC-specific ECM. This surface-modified
nanotextile showed mechanical characteristics and functionality appropriate
for vascular patch material. The uniformity of ECM coating significantly
improved the viability, proliferation, and migration of human endothelial
cells compared to bare and xenogeneic collagen-coated PCL nanotextile
patches. Thus, a polymeric nanotextile, which is surface modified
using MSC-driven ECM, provided a rapid and improved endothelialization,
thereby suggesting its potential for vascular patch applications
Die Bevölkerungszahlen der Gespanschaft Karlovac im Zeitraum von 1857 bis 2001
Get PDFKarlova~ka `upanija ubraja se u negativan pol
demografskog i ekonomskog razvoja Hrvatske. Negativni
demografski procesi u promatranoj `upaniji prisutni su vrlo
dugo. Spomenuti su se procesi postupno poja~avali od
po~etka 1970-ih godina, a najnegativnija obilje`ja poprimili
su nakon 1991. godine. Glavni demografski proces koji
karakterizira promatrani prostor jest depopulacija. Stoga je u
ovom radu istra`ena promjena broja stanovnika prema svim
dosada{njim popisima, kako bi se utvrdio njezin intenzitet
kroz pojedina razdoblja. Popisna promjena broja stanovnika
najto~niji je pokazatelj demografske dinamike u nekom
prostoru. Uzroci negativnoga demografskog stanja
ponajprije se povezuju s lo{im ekonomskim prilikama, koje
su rezultat dugogodi{njeg izostanka planiranih ulaganja u
ovaj prostor. U najnovijem je razdoblju posebno nagla{en
Domovinski rat, koji je dodatno pogor{ao ve} ionako lo{a
demografska obilje`ja. Projekcija stanovni{tva do 2021.
godine upu}uje na nastavak negativnih obilje`ja i procesa u
demografskom razvoju `upanije. Za izlazak iz sada{nje
situacije treba osmisliti sustavne poticajne mjere za
demografski oporavak i ekonomski razvoj, koje moraju
poticati sve razine vlasti. Takve mjere treba najprije po~eti
provoditi u ruralnim prometno izoliranim dijelovima `upanije
i na prostorima koji su u Domovinskom ratu bili izlo`eni
izravnim ratnim razaranjima.The Karlovac County belongs within the negative pole of the
demographic and economic development of Croatia. The
negative demographic trends have been present in the
Karlovac County for a long time. These trends have
gradually worsened since the 1970s culminating in the
period after 1991. The most significant demographic trend characteristic of the observed area is depopulation.
Therefore, in this paper the author has researched the
changing population numbers in all the past censuses in
order to determine the intensity of these changes throughout
specific periods. Census population change is the most
accurate indicator of demographic dynamics in any area.
The causes of the current negative demographic situation are
mostly a result of poor economic circumstances, due to years
of insufficient investment planning in the area. In recent
years the most important factor has been the Croatian War
of Independence, which has further deteriorated the already
unsatisfactory demographic characteristics. Population
projections until the year 2021 indicate continuing negative
features and trends of the demographic development of the
County. In order for a breakthrough to occur there should be
systematic stimulative measures for demographic renewal
and economic development, which should be encouraged by
all levels of government. Such measures should first be taken
in the transportationally isolated rural areas of the County,
as well as in places which were directly exposed to
destruction during the Croatian War of Independence.In der Gespanschaft Karlovac ist hinsichtlich der demografischen
und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Kroatiens ein
negativer Ausschlag zu verzeichnen. Die negativen
demografischen Prozesse sind in dieser Gespanschaft schon
seit langem spürbar. Ab den 70er-Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts
war es allmählich zu einer Intensivierung der
negativen Trends gekommen, die in der Zeit nach 1991
ihren Höhepunkt erreichten. Den relevantesten
demografischen Vorgang stellt die Bevölkerungsabwanderung
dar. Diese Arbeit untersucht daher die an den
Ergebnissen bisheriger Volkszählungen abzulesenden
Schwankungen der Bevölkerungszahlen, um die Intensität
dieser Schwankungen während einzelner Zeitabschnitte
feststellen. Volkszählungen sind die genauesten Indikatoren
für die demografische Dynamik eines bestimmten
geografischen Raums. Die Ursachen der gegenwärtigen
negativen Trends sind zunächst in den schlechten
Wirtschaftsbedingungen zu suchen, die wiederum auf den Umstand zurückgehen, dass planmäßige Investitionen in
diesem Gebiet seit Jahren ausbleiben. In jüngerer Zeit wurde
die ohnehin ungünstige Lage durch den Kroatischen
Unabhängigkeitskrieg (1991–95) zusätzlich verschlechtert.
Eine bis ins Jahr 2021 reichende demografische Projektion
verweist auf einen zu erwartenden Fortbestand der negativen
Merkmale und Prozesse. Um aus der bestehenden Situation
wieder herauszufinden, sind auf allen politischen Ebenen
systematische Unterstützungsmaßnahmen zur
demografischen Erneuerung und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung
notwendig. Diese Maßnahmen müssen zuallererst in
abgelegenen ländlichen Gebieten umgesetzt werden, des
Weiteren in Gebieten, die vom Kriegsgeschehen in Kroatien
direkt betroffen waren
0005
No full textPAGE SIX
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('lUK'KHll'S. IHTATIOXKltV.
.NOTIOMrl. II. It. Spaalding,
a-i'-i.i.i.i.-ir -a-iiool lilrn-k. I'll. Mt
\VBLL imiu.iNi.
\V. 11. Vi.unt Well Drilling Co.
037 Kmerson St.. Palo Alto.
EARLE & CO. GROCERS
Phones 837 and 83
2
No full textPAGE TWO
DAILY PAI.O Al.TO TIMES. SATCRIIAV. Ill'X. fi. K.IJ.
IDailv vltmce B-Mtorial page
H. W. 81MKINS—
-W. H. KE1.I-.
WM \ \ I |f«V
usllyj thine fr-itu proof that the man haa
and done wrons.
How mil.'h easier It In to pro-re a
la .tf man wrong than to prove thst be_
' ' not »rom:.
ll..- linn
rill -term
l.i-lli-*.* In one. ii***
ritual weakne*** . ft-
i- than tlie fault*, tl
• a «
The famou-f Quaker ex]
oi uncommon mental dlaat
e Mid to till* wire. ' Sontet
links .,.[ the world i- quae
off.'
tl.
.'!
la it |-tt . <*nta on each Slot).'
in..-,- .Hit-ui*. the* eitv area now;
ilt.-.l I., paj .i - ".inly tan of 4<i\
■•■ mi aaeb $100, from which they
lii be .'.»-iii-.t a,ifi ai.in■'. I "i.
im ii Is Shown that (he actual thinks that tin.
eaee In •«•"- on sat* UM e.f.
I -..limn..oil **..old 1..- l-i.i i, -.mi flud p,
I" rants • :,.*,- find if th
wire thi" .-un..nut -would ba!"tilovelj-la yoni
.1 ;.t ■ in nre Insurance, be- *
... of ii.-* 1..K..-1 rate within Ibe Ml mra are
limits All .it-. utlllUff would ■'■■•■•
,c. mc! th.- price ol lots and - on etbli
holder la the outlying terrlton *
.'lit ji little* I)
nu people yon
Volcano Destroys
Beautiful City on Bay
Thousands of Inhabitants Are
Killed in Terrific
Eruption.
Without doubt the most dramatic
'■fent in the history of the world was
deetraetloa e.f Pompeii in "l» A.
:.-. ft terrific eruption of the vol*
.. (,r MoUnt Vesurtua. l'i fie-,;.
. . pre-rtoni this delightful city
ii,.- ibore «r the Hay or Naples
< rudely -.hoken and partially d«ps-
—.: hy .ui eartheiuake and the In-
iltants were lust racoearlnt from
.ff.-t >.t it and rebuilding their
"I. building* and beautiful home-*
in the rase of Ve**u*lu« wan vent-
ut*on them The volcano for'
irn poured forth vellum-'* of
ike, hot flame*, ahot up to the,
vena and ■ -.tend* downpour of'
Ida of hot diiHt. mone and lava I
t falllne on the doomed cltl nn
t Klveitt-*. . ! nl it ■*»•* hurled under twenty-eight'
Doctor GUV Will *v"' "r '•'ml*™, atone snd lava, and'
J taa \*° -ompieielj obliterated that all
Mted .. Preach Hcf,©ilr,e'" "r lu l,,raUon «v-"> w*f«,o,t
, w..,.., for nearly seventeen cenlurlem.'
M„ m_ _ T~ _, . , Man-, or the inhabitant** esc«|>ed hut,
' »•■ ^rmer Pastor of First Christian! , vt,rf-tataKtf ^risked. The'
Church Will Come Down J ....,..--,,„ „, 3rromp. „■-,,, by fra-l
for Day. j ,t,lt.Ilt «,arth quake* and lo add to:
Ilie horror*, n terrible atorni raged'
uiltted a fault It fa runs
tat he knew he was doi
nd did II either deliber
It. A [(renl deal Ol harm In done In-
oi iii.' world, of course unintentionally.!
Iflat «hen all are ho prone to fall)
<nt(i error it -show* a certain nobility:
•i-'..r character tn in- charitable Inl
i- Judgment.
Ilr llurvey II. liuy of Berkeley,
i.nin.-.U paator of the Pslo Alto
Christian ("hurch, will preach in tbe
Christian Church here* tomorrow
morning nt II o'clock The occn-
alon will lie the da* of the- Christian
Women'** Hoard of Mlaatona, and j
.. -good 'I
■Ith the Pbll-JDootoi nu. win presea
,l" contrary, .Hn.tnK tba Orientals oi
ie work
the Chi-!
* im.-.t
for I...ni- It Happened while moat
of 'the Inhabitants were attending
Hie- Kiitnei. nt Ihe- amphitheatre and
mine u petti them no midden I y the]
»crc -*!m..-t paralysed with fear
Tlie ill* waa ah-rouded In darknet**
and .ten Ibe ***n had receded, **o
that il "ii-;ii"l" who nought asenpfl
bj means .-f ** in their -.iiperatitlous
(...i returned -j*. the .it*, onl* te» i-e
.I--.<:..*..il hy the foul polnon nnd
. Ol Ho* air and hundred other
.-,.- ,.t df.ttli pmv.iked hv the
I ...id Hutu
;i\ .M IMJIXO UTIIKKlt,
Thinklnc eell ol (Hheti i
.- -ii-t-.m waichlna. Th**'
.1 . «ftd trnhitiig Dill
i ruiiiifii ■•.,' oi,i nt [.in..*
Otllltl it
i.m.-liii...
tt la l--.-tt.-i t..
tile.* either
Indelible
and Hja
".! M.ilciicy to Advise l-~.iti Director:!
.vti.-n in bis fui
The Last !>.-
ith bis Phot
U] tt"H IP
LOOK AT YOUR FURNITURE
ti.*racter of
ou hare to
We ahall l*e* eiad to hav- * aai n«-* l> \\ lAlfHtTS and
IH'OttllJM. We have Ju»t ■** t-.t-et aome lira PIMM, KOOM
and HKIIIItHiM | TKMTl KK. lltl-OWS. (»l ll.Ts, tT'HTAIXS
and lit tie.. Our uphftlstertng we tt'inrante*- drat clas»
Palo .Alto Furniture Co.
332 University Avenue.
PHONE ia.
Hams and Bacon
AT THE PACKAGE STORE
We are expecting a shipment of choice Hams which we
will display in our windows upon arrival and SELL AT aoc
PER POUND.
Nice lean Bacon at 34c and 38c by the strip.
Full line of staple and fincy Groceries in stock.
FREE DELIVERY.
Call up 350K
THE PACKAGE STORE
E. VV . Cooke Proprietor
-I lu
HCCtlotl LlUti* lite llif.lt. The!
i-uitnta for ii ■„.-.( banker, tbe Item public otlttei
••*■ aud .t bard bas ibi* feast reason t.. take offense
ol ta res. ■ 11 frentieot and minute e\
lll:-
.11 Ban ii.itui-.," the eruption *-.'*.- a mead Impraaalfs
1 .1 fencing tbui snd -.1*1.1 Idee ul the awful - tcnl
X-. f.-tn-- Hi.le- .if thU -AorliI-fani.il
1 the .11- tropbe Mr Kllne'a photo drmnu
Rchide n in—th-/ n..- i.a-t Days of Pompalt" will i»
i/.-.i ti..- Stanford preaented ..t the .'nr-aiit* Theatro,
beet able t<- :.- Sunda) .n»'i Hoada) alghu
matinee Moods) sft-araoon ..ul*
WILL OF FAMOUS HORSE
FANCIER IS PROBATED
bats •i-ti-niJi* »iih ibe county clerk
si sn. Prancls. UaedODongb dted -,,,
setlmated to be*
Mae-donotich I*
Imtiortor of tha
Ormonde, worth
at the a Inner* ol
he
&o\^^
Hot
Beef Tea
Clam
Juice
After the Show, the Place to Go,
is the
: -.'hicken
Boulilion
Hot
Chocolate
i-aee*i-aea»eeia-«a»eiae-a-*e-ataee-»»a-ae» ranrii-.an*,.,-
3
No full textSUNNYVALE, THE CITY OF DESTINY
A HAPPY HOME >
FOR EVERYONE
Come to Sunnyvale and
Consult Cfossman
About It
1*k. trar .1..- a***. •..' kOB. >r«. «aa
... ha.. ..Uv:,.l .«, .h, -h.-*. ...
a,«.v I-JrtJ.- itw pbe. »h.r, «il .
.-li,..;,,, .I..H..I ...h „..,il.|n.- ... I*....
..., Idaho, torn. ... .... li........ ....»
... .Ik- „..rl.l A> .«.r ...r.fa.1,
hndct! oa
th. U,-:.-
SsMSsMl
oih. *
.sal.l.
f«-l of X
m Krjsgiina!
lies
.1 mn
n tha
Histgbty foi
.*j- and s-nlulm
I the
sgrcii
totm ..( r
■.tint- lo fa
tbl I
il m-a
home nfi.t
hating tin
er*.
1 the
slack*
Ir*. sen*.
. the early
pl.-tt
•s-rs »
4-ss-«riI>
I...I..I nml
-r.ilgRte.1
aero*.
■ the
great
lam- f- ih
stslK
IViric. law
instead of
lhc iith. ■ •)
ItaUi
CM*
and
tta* mcli-m
-nl *v<-alinr
lhc
ft-nn
d the
nio-i inagii
numd. In*.
la-cm cl.tiiu
i- th
unr
Shi
ir.-tn nam
t. when- i
Ms)
.■ii M
grare
iht-ir hint*
a-sd tint- a
U. 1
sr bem
1 of
*toral
Among
tbc-c
-■ur.ly -tit
to Cross t
v -dams
,|W
he M
srlieM
irphv
mmj, who.
- the ssjsahsa
IKH.
bxmt
gath
v.:'l.
v1ji.Ii
Mttrph:
t-asd o.
Mr
CLIMATE HERE
HAS NO EQUAL
Is The Happy Medium
of This Grand
Peninsula
-trisl tin pcaeci::]
:*.-l- - i itiiploycc-
in otus -ls*osrt trwtir
-esljacd ih.it which
ltd lake a hi
ipti.h. ,.!*.. liw
t..m]-..i
spsfanl »f Ha I ■ ■
s. il»- Twrsg*-*t iiun!j-
-..s- •• mm „ ihr ly.
whose f.U:
1 > Wis.
tubbiot* to !■<■ «a*
■j the .itili/v.) w.-ilil. anil sho
ttaj t-iii-.l.'*ii*g about !■■> Innd*.
siding f.arlh tbatr tjt-rr.m*.- 0 -H&.
us!, *i,. (V I..- »*..a/i*. i ..,..*;
nf .iiipli.yu* of tin*.
,. (lii* cittmiti*iMvmerit oi
alv ih. i-iiliry center ol
.,. m.l ..!-.. •...*.«.■ (iiV|f,.i
i*g-*tuting tot
Ihrr, ,,*b,i taMrir* |. l.<
jt-salr. Ibai ..ill gi>>- citiptoym.nt to
jlvasl *mi li.iti.l-. tit'i bring i" Sunm*.:
[within tl;. lie si irnv ic.ir. a hint'..'..
... U !. ;■> 5.Ml „..j.t.
-.--- : i.. ,j il.. h.,*iV,| ,..11.1
• " •' *■ -•
;i'„. (a- K - cen .-*.-. i
W. E. Crossman, President Sunnyvale L?*".c! Company.
■- III lbs- -ut*- of Caliiotm-*.
h be had acs-nirrat from tlie ,
pr.-rerds of his .trjgmal grant »f fa"-
tfemsand acres. «*"**> ahich .. now **-i |fci, ,,..,„„, lv )(U.i,,tarla.^| a* „
t-;,it,lilicto»n»f Sttnttyvtilcaml v-h.ch:;lj(l{ ^^ ^ ni. iin|>. for njmti.|(-
land* I an. »lt*'rmg for *alc in Mil.-1, fijm),y; ,(0. ,,., , ,(Jff, ndf.h h,,,,,,^!
.!ivi*i.*is . using il .i* a nksasn- I > take Ishe train to
Tin* great runcb I*- upon the n«m ■ ^ FfllK-^> „t 5,,, tmt aw, fot ,hc
aooWe Wat* of the Southern I*seilK ^^^ m( l|m. ^^^ a,^ j^^ ,„
Kailr.«d l*ci»«« San J.»c and San lhc tlBItt.,, an,i wlicn ,„ ..^.-uidms thi,
Vranci-s^ .-.nd 1- m.dwjiy |H-t«ecn Sj.n j ^^ w (||i< ^^^ a(||| „,
lose and PMo Aho. the ^ ot ibe J^^. ^^ ,,,„,:„„ (r ,., i( w ,hp
gr.al Letaml Sianfonl Junior I n.vcr- . ^ |h ^ v w ln(| ,„
mi>. The ranch ha* a fr-magc of als.ut I ^ . ^ K%fm y m fl ^ ^
three mi!o ahsig the mam c«nij r" 1-srr in |
lessjmc fr-s-m San Jo* t*. San ft** .^ . jn>) , (S^,,,,,,,. |sBW'tt^ jrj)'] ,n h>'!I,R ""' thv ',n*1 ,'1''' *•*■*■ -m; la n* rlw-.p it:
.-i-c., ami extend, fr.sn there m a,Q^ ,|( (;m(| ^ n ^ ,,„,,, M|)(. i seat rc*«le.-.T kt. and 4lflitK th.fr * ,,„, ,,m, .,,,. , flI>
iv.nlwrlv tlifwiion to ill. tide land'... , , .. , ' , ... ■ 'iii-w. foiirinimis. 11 li-.. l.-ni mt f,.tnli-*i ,,; i,,,,,,,..,^,,.».„..
n..ui-eri> ii»s f milnaad inn*, nnd ol■-iiitiig llie . , , i , ,, ', 1 ; BBmitlartunilft.
li. -.•:! 111-11 ..--nt !"■■ ''• ■■■'»' ■it**'1- , , , , dream Urn Meet: I wa- ohtigi-d lo tat- - ... f.,-,..,,,!.. 1,
. .is.ii.nt. jn.l i.r. In.I -ssi no it :* now .... . ■"■'■■' ■"" *'»*"■ "
Sina thai lime I have puichasid *Hl!h3s.- gaili.-r.-d nsjnihir .. tirndoi vil with
acre* directly north of iIh- railf.m.i il.igc. *urn led h> Iximtilul Ikhiic* ami :"""
iraclis. Il» acres of vvhish is emend ^.mtHU,| -h,.^. cimivatiflf lhc rich ",*'
silh lhc tit.«l magnificent Use oak irte* : ., . . , , , ,-. ,-.'**" "" *
.n,h,.,»hi.,ii..i.h«n.r„.... « -;1': ;1'1*"-" Jr.*
Is. Ml .„„,. m ,.. w ,n aad "
lllll.. Ill
f- r him, mt..
th.- IVtlic t—i trad CM
1 tha- a.orl.1. jii.i -.>. sh.li tli
Cks-rsM- -ah-- .... t
II knid* *i light an
ovarii nil r> for nuon
.*r«i. were l"<.!---tiB f..r
h*h ilnir fw-i..r*. it i.m
Sta.
of
nd imt hue iliotiv-ml- of
| foi
C I Iu
;-.! s, |„.n I,.].!,, i.i.ii-h^is- o. hart i
Plb^i. u tittt- .Upt'il a twite .In.'.l is--
|....v.-i*- I...11-. sthskh - .%*.r..tr.| by ant
r ii.. i ,tv.■.! ilto'l ir«:i .■ r|-*t.ii--»t-
:m liir *lal.. is.. hmiU-r nr.K ■ t.'-I-
.1.1- gt.-..!.-.! rtKatll «ilh ll.r.r lc.li.i-,
'.. Mitli.«li-i .hur.!. vosH.t,; SAJHO. ml
Ihr ( ml,..!,,, ami lsk.pii.t-. I«Ve ills., l.i-
.:il...ns for .'Inii.h. *. .1 lir^irg.- with -"■it
.111 iiia-itilHr- Htd ■ mimls-r of It ii.ru.')
..asstln-, ^...1 t4-l l«.l n-^ ha-l. t
k-n- ,.<i.l thai, nesri w9\ I- SO) ..-
Iisigjs,. I .on ...umvutl with Sotituwl.
■ i lunv (i.im-1 I" k«'p iIkiii out
Ih-Ti: .- .1 sphWlil »|s long foe a tis-1
..Ij.s .Ir> g..H|. -1..r<*. i*w*\T) sl-re.
.iiillm.rv r«r-rT, hat.,!*,.:,. -t..„. .l..'!,'iiC
fr.Hu immdy lr- fif:> f«*' Ml *»lh* «he: wn
ssvsne baling !<"* I rouuli! < nt.. tlw Und-:
hy the a*«f**s of tlte Sle.en- Cres*«
Tb%f 'eilin-rin - tl ■* i-.inieill.irly adapted
I no
., ... -. ...I..! Ill hiVtUL* -.
,* Hindi ****** '"»" *' ' •>»■**• "" »'"
i«o-„i,l I""- "" -M'ttphv Mtftnt 2&x,£*
'■-.il. ii *\if.M street (,u.l 12 t-i
uiih i)u.
..til.'
sl»f
the
<if
iall i
Tlie ■
nch.
f alsu.il
three ili*-«aand a
r-ck. wbrtv dosing srttcr on tst: ,4sa-
lainnl in imlinittrd quanliltc. j>1 a am*
■ .,i irrm $>« I'* S*» f.r a sell. Thi-
-*,il i* panicul.irly a.sbine.1 to lhc grow-
inn of apple*, pear*, prime*. ra-pbcmc<.
sitawhcrm-. blackberries h-g-.nl-errie*.
vegetable* »t all K""** gar-len seed*.
Asrts-er*. and alfalfa.
SUNNYVALE
The Qity of Destiny, A Manufacturing Genter
Oiily H 1-2 milt-- ninth «i Palo Alt". nii-Iway t" Suit .I*-
litnil iu Uw Simtii Clara Vnll.y ai .1 - tl i- imtnn I -liiijii u |». i
K-aclii*-. pranea, appleaTpWif*. **tnit\li*rr. -. n.-j.l
All of ihrx Un.Ks*Accirt lhc .«ginal, |w|. ,(,,..„ j,, tj„. ;lrit.-i;„, |M It Mil li— rr«-Jo* «>! ;
site Of.aBI asJW£ 1 have suh
divided lm» five and leit-.iciv ttXta.
and have Waicd ihere*^t over three
shundred families, vhn are now living
sttiif: already ilii-*t»nl"ly Macltiiii
will fotiimrm**' opi-i'atiuiis* ami {sivt- i*niji,«>iiii^iii i«« hi
n»>w raniiiing full Uiiat in lli**ir ilsaiiMii»tti wmi ry. 'Ii
.ntented and hapor and .n-oving thai ojm 1'atiiHl II.Still- *.i >tX IlllintllsS. **|tc uf tll<- !:',r-'*r' f.1
pr,«pent> shichco.me.fr.-w Its ins tsrpon nT\. |Q *MVri A\\ kltul- "I pVt'H trttH Hlt-l.*r tin "Sill IsV**
tshe 1*« of bnd* saisd tin!.' tlie m*«: ((j tilt* Vl*ar.
favorable climatic c«d.i-*^i*. .in.l -.1—
in a c'ttimnnny lying, a-i-•• - 1"^'■' .. . .. "~
iiii.hi tin sdsaejos of •'. S: .-. —I III 'Utr tlfW A'l'llt i-Ui ti* Si:ins\ ,i!i. 'l;i!f < *.,..*. IV*' ai'i* **lli r
CaKeetsti - 'A -.■-■.- I '•* n.Ti- lot* l>"IH S"2*V» tM.<J<«*t tllf. sitrVs- '■■'- Ir..t.» **•::*." 1.. ••I'.rii. ;ili-l*:i
-u ml,.
..i.-1:.-..i
if..M' -I. ! I.v il;.* in..-i prt.tttk
.; - .-.. y. . ,-,...rri.. . a|»ricut-*.
ml :;..i. i* t t-a.moi . .* niju-ih
. ■ in .i.,::;;.i':r;ti- i-vi.t.-r »f llie
:'■;,. 1.- * :.- ii*..- f-nrlv in tin- v«.m
-.'...- I..■,..,..„•.•..„.;.,„., :„,.
...!- ... .■■ ..,,.■■_• ami ...II I..- i..
••■ s. • ' ■..-. have I10...-.I s.u.1
■. . i. ui i.«.i...„.i-...,- ml..
....
-■ - ■„....
.-'.».
I"-'
Tl..- 1-iv-i.... *..l-.|
Tl:.- VV. M.I'..rl.i.-l-
."..!.,.• .I...... i>. Sum.
will I..- II..- |,....l.ry mark...
Sunnyvale Land Company
VI. E. CROSSMAN CO., SOLE AGENTS,
Sunnyvale, Gal
Playing the Sovereignty Game: Understanding Japan's Territorial Disputes
Get PDFThis dissertation fills a gap in the literature created by the focus of conventional International Relations approaches on the escalation and de-escalation of conflict in territorial disputes. Japan’s territorial disputes, while prone to controversy and flare-ups, have not witnessed any militarised conflict in their recent histories. By shifting the focus from conflict to sovereignty the dissertation allows an examination of what does take place in Japan’s territorial disputes, and provides an understanding of Japan’s approach to its territorial disputes and how this approach varies across time as well as across each individual dispute.
The dissertation takes a constructivist approach to the relationship between international politics and international law, constructing a conceptual framework – the sovereignty game – which is adapted to the study of Japan’s territorial disputes. Simply put, in contemporary international relations, states rarely use force to conquer territory. Rather, they play the sovereignty game, in which they attempt to gain or maintain sovereignty over a disputed territory by (a) successfully undertaking exercises of sovereignty over the disputed territory, and preventing other states in the dispute from engaging in exercises of sovereignty over that territory; and (b) by gaining international recognition of sovereignty over the disputed territory. States seek to exercise sovereignty by utilising their resources (capital), and the extent to which they employ this capital is determined by the relative value of the territory in question.
The dissertation applies this sovereignty game approach to each of Japan’s three territorial disputes, the Liancourt Rocks dispute with South Korea, the Pinnacle Islands dispute with China and Taiwan, and the Northern Territories dispute with Russia, examining the dynamics of the sovereignty game in the post-Cold War period. The dissertation finds that, due to the different relative values of the territorial disputes, Japan’s approach varies: it has taken a formal, legalistic approach to the Liancourt Rocks and Pinnacle Islands dispute – at least until the mid-2000s – using sovereignty only to preserve its existing position in the disputes. However, its approach to sovereignty in the Northern Territories dispute has been characterised by a sense of moral justice, thus it seeks to prevent all Russian exercises of sovereignty while constantly attempting to push its own.
000073
No full text- -- .a - Ah, ~ &fe
STRANA 5 Jedinstvo, 8. marta, 1968. Iz Sfarog kraja
PRIPREME ZA PROSLAVU
SEUACKE RUNE
Donja Stubica — Udesnici Jestog
opdeg sabora komune Donja Stubica do-govor- ili
su se o pripremama za proslavu
400-godis"nji- ce seljacke bune pod vod-stvo- m
Matije Grupca. Izabran je odbor
koji de iducih pet godina rukovodit pri-premama
za proslavu. Odluceno je da
e zamoli predsjednika Tita da se pri-hva- ti
pokrovifeljstva proslave.
Za predsjednika je izabran predsjed-ni- k
Sabora SRH Jakov Blazevid, a za taj-nik- a
Ivica Kranzelid, predsjednik odbora
Matice iseljenika Hrvatske za grad Za-gre- b.
Clanovi odbora su Antun Augu-stindi- d,
Marko Belinic, Drago Bozid, Ma-t- o
Brezovecki, dr Ferdo Culinovid, DuSan
Dragosavac, Tomica Golubovic, Pajo Gre-gori- d,
Ivica Gretid, Krsfo HegeduSic, Fe-d- or
Handzekovid, Stjepan Ivid, Juraj Ko-koli- d,
Ivan Krajadid, Miroslav Krleza, Jo-si- p
Kolar, dr Savka Dabdevid-Kuda- r, Ma-rija- n
Matkovid, Anica MagaSid, Marko
Mrkoci, Bozo Novak, dr Grga Novak, Jo-si- p
Pedid, Pero Pirker, Ivan Rukavina,
Rudolf Sever, dr Jaroslav Sidak, Stjepan
Sulek, Miko Tripalo.
POMOC DEBRU
Beograd (Tanjug) — Dosad je, preko
Saveznog odbora Jugoslavenskog Crve-no- g
kriza u Debru i okolnim mjestima
postradalim od potresa iz inozemstva
upudena pomod u iznosu od Jest milijuna
i 122 tisude dinara.
Pomoc su uputila nadonalna druitva
Crvenog kriza, humanitarne I vjerske
organizacije, vlade i pojedind iz 18 ze-malj- a.
ISKUUCENI IZ SAVEZA
KOMUNISTA
Beograd — Predsjedniitvo 1 Komitet
Opdinske konferencije SK Starog grada
odludili su da iskljude iz Saveza komu-nis- ta
Tanasiju Mladenovida, glavnog
urednika "KnjiJevnih novina" I LjubiSu
Manojlovida, koji je u ovom listu pisao
u rubrici "Onako uzgred". Oni su bili
glavni krivd ra nacionalistidko zastra-njivan- je
"Knjizevnih novina".
STIMULIRANJE KUPACA
IZ ISTOCNE EVROPE
Jugoslavenska poduzeda nastoje da
izvezu ito vile svojih proizvoda u ostale
zemlje istodne Evrope. Ali malo iz njih
uvoze. Zato sufidt u trgovinskoj razmje-n- i
sa istodnom Evropom iznosi 190 mili-juna
dolara. To ugrozava daljnu razmje-nu- .
Zato Savezno izvrino vijede, kako
pile starokrajska stampa, namjerava
predloiiti neke mjere u oblasti krediti-ranj- a
koje bl stimulirale poduzeda da
kupuju robu u istodnoevropskim ze-mlja- ma.
PUT BEOGRAD — BUDIMPESTA
Novi Sad — Zavod za urbanizam 1
komunalno-stamben- a pitanja Izradio je
prijedlog novog auto-put- a Izmedju Beo-gra- da
i Budimpelte, u duzini od 320
kilometara. Ako se put izgradi, puto-vanj- e
od Beograda do BudimpeSte tra-j- at
de 2 i pol umjesto 5 sati.
Nova trasa izdvajala bi se od auto
puta Beograd — Zagreb u blizini Krnja-Sevac- a,
a zatim ilia prema Indjiji I Srem-ski- m
Karlovcima i preko Ban-stol- a do
Novog Sada. Otuda bi se nastavila pre-ma
Subotid jednim sadalnjim putem.
I nakon toga odvajala u potpuno novu
trasu koja bi iila izmedju Vrbasa i Srbo-bran- a,
prolazila zapadno od Badke To- -
fo!e na oko 2 km, I presijecajudi dto
izlazila izvan Subotice I paralelno
konadno stigla do granidnog prijelaza
kod Horgoia.
(Nastavak sa St. 3)
"Hrvati moraju razradjivati
konceprfju svoje budude drifa-v- e.
To je tim vile potrebno ito
Hrvati live djelomllno izmije-ia- nl
s drugim narodima. I na
hrvatskom podruZju moraju se
traiiti suvremena rjelenja. . .
Ustaika politika ne mole biti
uzor za bududa rjelenja. Novt
put mora biti: ravnopravnost
bez obzira na narodnost, vjeru
ili porijeklo, demokracija I to-leran- cija
u okviru hrvatske
driave".
Da je ta Petridevideva "de-mokracija"
na slabalnim i ra-hifidn- im
nozicama, vidjet de se
ved korak dalje:
"Nakon neuspjeha komuni-stiJko- g
recepta I uz danalnje
neprijateljstvo Srba i nesrpskih
naroda iscrpljene su sve mo-gudno- sti
na jugoslavenskoj ba-il.
. ." —- pile on. ,
Osnovno mu je, dakle, I opet
mrznja medju nalim narodima
i nije sludajno Ito se Petridevid
sapleo u ono staro I vratio se
zapravo Sovinizmu. Jer sepa-ratlza- m
je uvijek vradanje na
siaro, tu nema novih ideja I
Beograd — Nadonalni pred-sjednik
americkog Komiteta ve-tera- na
Eugen Byrd (Judzin
Berd) nedavno je uputio pred-sjednik- u
Saveznog odbora
SUBNORJ Djuri Pucaru pismo
u kome se od Saveza boraca
Jugoslavije trazi da se pridruzi
apelu tog ameridkog komiteta
vladi DR Vijetnama "da poitu-j- e
odredbe zenevskih konven-dj- a
o ratnim zarobljenidma".
Savez boraca je odgovorio da
je bezuvjetno obustavljanje
bombardiranja DR Vijenam I
djelovanja oruzanih snaga
Sjed. Drzava i njihovih savez- -
SLOVENIJA: 75-GODI5NJ-ICA
PLANINARSKE ORGANIZACIJE
Ljubljana (Tanjug) — Slo-vens- ka
planinarska organiza-cij- a
slavi 75. godilnjicu djelo-vanja.
Danas ta organizadja
broji 65.000 dlanova, dok ih je
1945. godine bilo 11.000, a u
vrijeme osnivanja 225. Plan!
narstvo je jedan od najrazvije-niji- h
narodnih sportova u re-public!,
i medju njegovim dla-novi- ma
najviJe su zastupljenl
radnid i omladina.
Slovenske planine prelazi
godiJnje oko 850.000 planina-ra- .
Te organizacije su podigle
i odrzavaju 147 planinarskih
kuda i domova sa 600 leiaja,
i na tisude kilometara planin-ski- h
puteva. U torn pogledu
Slovenija je najrazvijenije pod-rwdj- e
u Evropi.
DELEGACIJA SAVEZNE SKUP-JTIN- E
POSJETIT CE BRITANIJU
Beograd — Na poziv britan-sko- g
Parlamenta, delegadja
Savezne skupstine posjetila je
Veliku Britaniju od 14. do 22.
februara.
JUGOSLAVENSKI KONZULAT
U CLEVELANDU
U Clevelandu, Ohio, de biti
otvoren novi konzulat SFRJ.
Cleveland je najvede nase-Ij- e
Slovenaca u Sjed. Drzava-ma- .
Konzul de biti Onton Koc-ja- n,
Slovenac.
ZA 24 SATA IZRECITIRAO
444 PJESME
Beograd — Student Ratomii
Damjanovid je nedavno u Do-m- u
omladine u Beogradu po-stav- io
neobidan rekord: izred-tira- o
je za 24 sata 444 pjesme.
Damjanovid ne zna, a — kako
sam kaze, to ga i ne zanima,
da li je time postavio i svjetski
rekord u recitiranju.
demokracije. Mozda nije tako?
Pogledajmo onda kako bi iz-gledala
nova "demokratska
nezavisna" prema Petridevidu:
a) mogla bi nastati uslijed
kakvog lokalnog rata — pri-mj- er
Izraela i Arapa;
b) "nezavisnu" bi saJinja-va- li
sadainja SR Hrvatska i
SR BiH sa Srijemom, Banatom
I BaJkom, Bokom Kotorskom
i Sandlakom. U sluaju novog
komandanta Jugoslavije, Srbi-j- a
bl, po Petridevidu, izgubila
neke teritorije u Korist Albanl-j- e
i Bugarske. A nali hrvatski
teritoriji?
5TO ZNACI "NOVI VAL"
On o tome Juti kao da je
zaboravio osam stoljeda hrvat-ske
povijesti, pa I pouke iz naj-novij- eg
vremena, iz fatalne
1941. Takvo Petridevidevo rezo-niran- je
ne vrijedi nista nego
samo da potvrdi staru istinut
hrvatski separatist! oduvijek su
bili najopasniji u prvom redu
— Hrvatskoj.
Oditi uspjesi nalega samo-upravno- g
druitva 1 svestranl
privredni razvoj nale zemlje,
Odgovor americkim veteranima
nika u Juznom Vijetnamu naj-bol- ji
put da se zastite ljudski
zivoti, ukljudiv i zivote zarob-Ijeni- h
Amerikanaca.
U odgovoru Saveza boraca
se skrece paznja da se bord
NOR Jugoslavije i citava jugo-slavenska
javnost sve deide
sredu s dokumentima o teSkim
zlocinima koje nad vijetnam-ski- m
narodom vrle pripadnid
oruzanih snaga Sjed. Drzava i
njihovih saveznika. Ti doku-men- ti
govore o barbarskim
bombardiranjima i razaranjima
gradova i sela u DR Vijetnamu,
i o upotrebi napalma i drugih
U drugoj polovini aprila
Jtampat de se prvi od pet to-mo- va
"Leksikona jugoslaven-ski- h
pisaca". Drugi torn toga
znadajnog djela trebalo bi da
bude objavljen 1969, tredi prl
kraju 1972, detvrti 1975. I po-sljed- nji
potkraj 1978. godine.
Na oko 4000 stranica, prvi
leksikon jugoslavenskih pisaca
sadrzat de sve biografske I bi-bliograf-ske
podatke. U registru
se nalazi 12.000 imena pisaca,
ali de se, poslije selekcije u lek-siko- nu
pojaviti imena 8000 —
9000 knjizevnika, koji su zivje-l- i
i stvarali od podetka pisme-nos- ti
do danas.
Na izradi prvog leksikona
angazirano je oko 200 emi- -
i na 13
Sarajevo —
knjiga godine u nas, roman sa-rajevs- kog
knjizevnika Mehme-da-MeJ- e
Selimovida, koji je,
medju ostalim priznanjima, do-b- io
i "Goranovu nagradu" re-dak- dje
"Vjesnik", NIN-ov- u na-gradu
kao I "6-aprils- ku nagra-du"
grada Sarajevo, ne presta-j- e
da bude u centru paznje ne
samo domadih ditalaca ved I
Sire svjetske javnosti.
Prema Izda-vadko- g
poduzeda "Svjetlost",
koje je izdavad spornenutog
fomana, djelo de se u toku ove
godine pojaviti u prijevodu i
izdanju mnogih izdavadkih
kuda Evrope. Do sada su pot-pisa- ni
ugovori I roman se pre-vo- di
na francuski, ruskl, njed-mad- kl,
poljski, madjarskl, de-J- ki,
bugarski, slovadki, turskl,
a u toku su pregovori za prevo-djenj- e
na engleski, te arapski,
perzijski i danski jezik.
"Dervis" I smrt" imao je u nas
za nepune dvije godine detirl
kao i sve veda demokracija u
nalem unutrainjem zivotu, pri-sil- ili
su i neke emigrante da
promijene taktiku u borbi pro-ti- v
nale zemlje. Suodeni s pot-puni- m
neuspjehom u toku 22
godine emigracije, neke su
promodurnije izbjeglice dolle
na ideju da vanl stvaraju
emigraciju, "sod-jalistidk- e"
protivnike лаЈе ze-mlje.
Neki Bagarid u Bedu izdaje
"Bilten hrvatskih socijalista".
U 5. broju tog biltena iz prolle
godine pile i ovo:
"Raznolike politiJke partije s
glupim i nazadnim programl-m- a
bore se za mir, koji znadi
zaustavljanje toka demokratske
revolucije". I dalje: "Ako dodje
do balkanske revolucije, Srbl
de biti sretni da im ostane Beo-grad
s
Tako je taj "novi val" s de-mokratsk-om
zastavom u ruci,
ali na starom kljusetu separa-tizm- a,
zaglibio ponovo u lovi-nistid- ko
blato, odakle zaista
nema nikakva izlaza. U domo-vi- nl
te njihove staro-nov- e Ideje
nemaju bal nikakva odjeka, a
sredstava zabranjenih zenev-ski- m
konvencijama.
Posebno uzasavanje jugo-stavens- ke
javnosti i ucesnika
narodnooslobodilackog rata
izazivaju dokumenti o ubijanju
djece i ratnih zarobljenika.
Borcima narodnooslobodilad-ko- g
rata Jugoslavije, kaze se
na kraju pisma, izgledala bi
zato sasvim normalna interven-cij- a
americkih veterana prije
svega kod svoje vlade da se u
Vijetnamu osigura poitovanje
zenevskih konvencija od strane
oruzanih snaga Sed. Drzava
i njihovih saveznika.
Leksikon jugoslavenskih pisaca
nentnih suradnika iz cijele ze-mlje.
Glavni urednik 2ivojin
Boskov istide da za leksikon
ved sada vlada veliko zanima-nj- e
u zemlji, a i u inozemstvu.
Bit de to, prema njegovim rije-dim- a,
pravi "rudnik znanja" o
piscima Jugoslavije, neiscrpan
izvor podataka koji de korisno
posluziti svima onima koji se
interesiraju za naiu knjizevnost,
posebno knjizevnim historidari-ma- .
Leksikon de sadrzati I po-datke
o prijevodima djela do-mad- ih
pisaca i svega onoga
Sto je pisano o njima na 23
strana jezika. Knjiga de biti ilu-strira- na
pisaca,
faksimilima njihovih rukopisa I
pisama itd.
"Dervis Smrt" stranih jezika
ProJIogodiJnja
informacijama
izdanja. Roman de se uskoro
pojaviti I na slovenskom jeziku
u izdanju "Mladinske knjige"
u Ljubljani, a u izgledu je 1
njegov prijevod na albanski u
PriJtini.
STAMPA SE HISTORIJA
MAKEDONSKOG NARODA
Skoplje (Tanjug) — Instirut
za nacionalnu historiju Make-doni- je
Jtampat de sredinom ove
godine svoje najvede naudno
ostvarenje — Historiju make-donsko- g
naroda
Taj znadajan historijskl do-kume-nt,
koji predstavlja kolek-tivn- o
djelo ma-kedons- kih
historidara, knjizev-nika,
lingvista, ekonomista I
drugih strudnjaka, obuhvada
vilevijekovno razdoblje — od
doseljavanja Slavena na Bat-kans- ki
poluotok do danas. Prva
pisana historija
naroda imat de viJe od 100
stranica. Agonija podzemlja
"so-cijalistid- ku"
predgradjima".
fotografijama
najistaknutijih
makedonskog
medju emigrantima one su
"monstruozne" zbog svoje su-vi- le
"kompromisne odjede" I
zbog primitivaca kojima su
upudene, pa nije dudo da je
Luburidev pomodnik u listu
"Drina" otvoreno pisao Petri-devidu:
"Ako je kompromltiran lu-bur- id,
onda ste I vl, gospodine,
jer ne molete zatajiti da ste
bili ustaikl stoiernik. Badava
se koprcate u valoj plitkoj de-mokrat- sko
vodi. To su Zinje-nic- e,
a sve drugo su bajke,
obmane I Isprike".
U stanju u kojem su sada t
u vrijeme kad ne predstavljaju
nikakvu snagu, kolovodje te-rori- sta
mogu se odriati dalje
samo na ekstremizmu i teroru.
To je konac kraja, ali mu dm-go- ga
tzbora nema.
Zato moramo biti oprezm t
otvoreno redi da nije mala od-govom- ost
na vlastima svake
zemlje koja ne vodi raduna o
tim teroristima t o ftnjentcl da
su manijaJki ispadi logidna fa-- za
njihova sadalnjeg razvoja.
(Preltampano Iz
"Vjesnika u srijedu'l
'ћјГјМмЈГРАгмМДИИИИИ ' .
J02E CIUHA Sviloprejke
(Nadaljevanje in konec)
Posedli smo nazaj k mizi: k zganju,
sadnemu soku, prigrizku in spominom.
Iskali smo stidne focke. Bilo jih je manj,
kot bi si predvaljal. Bilo je potapljanje
v das, kjer neki tu}i spomini zame ne
morejo ved oziveti. Ker so dosti bolj del
zgodovine, ceprav obaravane z lokal-nim- i
barvami lastnih dozivetij. Misli so
preskokavale in besede so se se in Je
prehitevale. Neka velika celota je ostal
samo vonj. Vsakdo lovi svojo resnico.
Debeljakova klerikalna in Sijandeva
liberalna intonacija sta obujali pozablje-n-o.
Odkopaval sem tiste tesne kalupe,
v kakrsne sem bil naiil svoj prvi puber-tetn- i
nemir. Sprehajali smo se vsi trije
hkrafi, vsi v isti das, a vendor vsak po
svoji stezi. Nosnice so bile polne zatohlo-sti- ,
hkrati pa sem vendor dutil neko le-pot- o,
ki je mogla dozoreti iele skozi po-zab- o.
Tako je mnogokrat s stvarmi: tu-- di
s tistimi, ki se nam v sedanjosti — v
trenutku, ki ga 5ivimo — gabijo.
Dobro sem sprejemal podobe, ki so
jih obnavljale besede.- - majska Ljublja-na
z izpranimi jutri in zvonovi, sokolski
zleti in parade Slovenskih fantov In
evharistidni kongresi, razburkana unl-ver- za
in italijanski konzulat na Erjavdevi
cesti z razbitimi okni, policisti na konjih,
srednjelolski nastopi na stadionu in po-te- m
zmerjanja in brce na cesti, duhovne
vaje in vsa tista nemlka svinjarija s Su-det- i,
z Avstrijo, s Poljsko in tako naprej.
Besede, besede, besede in das v odsevu.
Po poeziji smo naskodili kulturno poli-tik- o.
Debeljak — kot da je odital: Mi o
domovini dosti pilemo in porodamo, oni
tarn preko pa o nas trdovratno moldijo,
Ko je nadaijeval, so besede zvenele kot
poziv na dvoboj: idealistidna in materia-iistidn- a
kultura. Kdo ve, kako si je to
predstavljal? Mogoce kot ravsarijo, ki v
nji nastopata "pedenj dlovek" in "laket
brada" (zelo staromodna slovenska
predstava). Tisto malo, kar sem doslej
prebral, je bolj zalostno zaudarja po
"Vedernicah" in po nedeljskem prosve-tarstv- u.
Ne zelim in nodem jim deiati kri-vic- e:
tudi pri nas je izllo na kupe knjig,
ki dloveka do smrti zdolgodasijo, ven-dor
s takimi ne bomo tekmovali. Izllo
pa je tudi nekaj dobre proze in poezije
Oni pa s svojo kvaliteto — de blago-hotn- o
opustimo dvojnost idejnih pobud
— lovijo korak s kulturniJtvom kake
partizanske bataljonske ali brigadne
propagande. In: ali bomo slikarijo Bare
Remdeve vzporejali z drugorazredno Ipe-ceri- jo
in pri tern prezrli vso tisto ustvar-jaln- o
potenco, ki klati nagrade po vseh
celinah svefa? Seveda sem moldal: demu
bi ugovarjal?
Debeljak je naposted zadel o idejnih
prepadlih in s tern v zvezi le o sebi: sicer
ne dosti, vendor jasno. Najprej sem sli-J- al
tisto, kar sem ze vnaprej vedel, da
bom slisal: o likvidaciji domobrancev
v Teharjih. Trdil je, da jih je bilo okoli
dvanajst tisod. To je najtezi adut, ki
igrajo nanj. 2alostna red. Znova sem
moldal, ne da bi pomislil na "drno ro-k- o",
na Urha, Turjak in na kaj vem 5e
vse. Tako bi se tudi ne mogla pogovar-jat- i.
Pomislil pa sem na Izaka Bablja,
komisarja Budjonijeve konjenice, In na
njegove zapiske o revoluciji. Ustreljen je
bil kot japonski Ipijon: zgodilo se je v
dasu, ko je bila resnica tezko prebavlji-va- ,
kajti zelodec revolucije je bil skrden
in povelen. Vse je popisal. Ob prebira-nj- u
njegovih zapiskov ni tezko razumeti,
v dem je bila vedina ruske revolucije. Re-k- el
sem si: ne gospod Debeljak, o tern
ne moreva raspravljati, z dvema jeziko-m- a,
ki ju govoriva.
Toda — de bi ze razpravljala o slo-vens- ki
medvojni situaciji, bi morala
predvsem govoriti o zgodovinskl resnl-c- i.
Mar so zares zaveznikl Izdali slo-vens-ko
domobranstvo? Mar sta bila go-spo- da
Churchill in Roosevelt res tako
kratkovidna, kot pilete vi in vali so-milljeniki-em-igranti,
da nista razumela
visoke politike slovenskih antikomuni-stov- ?
Mar je res opravicljivo, da je Bog,
ki ste se zanj borili, postal delnidar Hi-tlerje- ve
unidevalne maline? Ce bi bile
te stvari z zgodovinskega staliida ma-lo
manj jasne, bi se mogode lahko o
tern pogovaijala. Toda, gospod Debe-ljak,
mene zares ne duli nikakrina mo-ral- na
dilema.
Debeljak je povzel: Ce sem zapustil
domovino, je nisem zato, da bl se vra-ca- l,
dokler v nji vladajo komunisti. Pra-vij- o,
da se je marsikaj spremenilo. Pra-vij- o, da se tarn gradijo ceste, tovarne
in mesta itd., ltd. Jaz pa pravim: je
Kardelj le vedno v vladi? Se vedno. In
Kraigher? Se vedno. In Ziherl In tako
naprej? Se vedno. In le enkrat: kaj pa
tistih dvanajst tisod, kl so jih pobili v
Teharjih? Ne morem si kaj: donelo je
deklarativno in papirnato.
Ni bil napadalen. Ne bi mu bil pro-vide- n,
de bi mu podtaknil, da se je no-te
opravideval. Obilo me je kot ze ved-kr- at,
da so vsi brez razlike podobni svl-loprejka- m.
Besede so valovale naprej. Med nji-ho- vo
pogovorno lahkotnostjo se je ved-no
znova In znova oglalal zategti mo!
spomina. Znenada sem se domislil, da
od doma prinalam pozdrave Janezu
Bitencu, ki tudi stanuje nekje v Haedu.
Debeljak ga je poznal in ena od hcera
je stopila ponj.
Videla sva se privkrat v zivljenju In
zdelo se mi je, da je bil vesel tega sre-cari- a. Potem je kar vprido Debeljaka
butnil: "Ce politizirajo z vami, jih nikar
ne poslusajte. Gledajo kot fijakarski ko-nj- i.
Prepridan sem, da je v Jugoslavill
ved reda kot v Argentini. Mene so dali
v dasopis, ker sem obiskal iugoslovan-sk- o
ladjo. Veliko jih je, ki jih obiskuiejo,
le da stiskajo rep med noge in se skri-vaj- o. Jaz pa jim kar odkrito povem, da
bom ob prvi priloznosti, ko mi bo mo-gode
poslal zeno in otroka domov na
obisk".
Tako je govoril le nekaj dasa in vmes-n- a ta ali oni nadin poliljal k vragu Idej-n- o
kljuso bele emigracije.
Govoriti smo zadeli tudi o Argentinij
o Bariloche, kl spominjajo na Slovenijo,
in o tern, da je neki vrh v dolgem po-gor- ju dobil irre po Bari Remea Pico
Bara. Menda je navdulena hribolazka.
Preden sva se nekaj pred polnodjo s
Sijancem poslovila, sem dobil dva iz-vo- da
casopisa "Glas" — glasila Slo-venske
kulturne akcije — in nekaj le-sore- zov Bare Remdeve.
Ko sem prilel domov, sem oba izvoda
prebral in si mimogrede poddrtal nekaj
stavkov, kl ilustrirajo duhovno vzdulje
okoli Slovenske kulturne akcije, soraz-merj- a
tesnobe in samozavesfi ter ne-smisle- na
prizadevanja po razvijanju in
pomlajevanju jezika. Primeri:
O dilemi "zdomstvo" — domovina
". . . Tako se dogaja med nami —
kakor tudi pri vseh ljudeh blage volje
in distih namenov —, da smemo In mo-rem- o svobodno resnidno usmerjati v do-bro- bit nale skupnosti. Rezim v domovini
je ponujal kulturnim delavcem zlate po
stelje, a jih ni mogel osrediti; lovil jih je
v svoje mreze in vsak iskren poskus svo-bod- e zaduiil. . ."
". . . Emigradja ne more producirati
foliko in takih knjig kot domovina, ker
nima toliko talentov, in ti nimajo dasa,
da bi napisali svoja videnja, kajti em-igradja
ne more nuditi PISATEUSKIH
POKLICEV, kakor domovina, ki jih na-je- ma za pladane uradnike in seveda —
temu primerno — za svoje, slovopojce.
V domovini se da govoriti o, podrzavlje-n- i
umetnosti iz talenta in idealizma, kl
ni pladano, pa zato iskreno, leple in re-snidno
poudarjeno 'Muzam na olfar in
bravcem v okrepitev duJ'. Ce bi domo-vina
ali 'obmejstvo' videlo, s kakiniml
zrtvami pisateljev in nid manjiimi obdin-srv- a
ustvarjamo slovenske knjige v tu-jin- i,
bi gledala na nas z drugadniml
odmi, ne z molkom in oditki. . ."
V nadaljevanju istega zapisa:
". . . Zdaj imamo le nekaj impulsov
z doma, toda v dvajsetih letih emigra-cije
se je ze marsikaj izumilo, dakamo
novega pomladka, ki pa je usmerjen ze
drugam in ne zna, ali vsak das ne bo
mogel ved ustvarjati v naJem jeziku. . ."
Iz zapiska "Deset let gledalilkega
opravila":
". . . Predstavili smo slovenskl publi-k- l
svetovne avtorje, ki bi jih sicer verjet-n- o
nikoli ne videla. Izbrali smo pri se-stavlja- nju
vsakoletnega gledaliikega
nadrta odrske stvaritve, ki jih rojakl po
gledaliSdih v domovini ne vidiio. Uvedli
smo nov slog gledaliikega dela: gleda-lild- e
brez zastora, pa bralno — igrano
dramo. Nekateri zdomski pesniki so se
prav na naSo pobudo lotili pesnilkih
prevodov svetovnih avtorjev: Eliot, Aishil
— Pape,-- Oheon, Claude), Anouilh, Sar-tre,
Fabbri, Goldoni, Mauriac, Graham
Greene — Jelodnik; Fabri — Rozman;
Williams — Volovlkova. . ."
Podobnih stvari bi lahko napaberko-va- l
le precej ved. Vedno sem imel trga-nj- e
citatov za malce poniglavo podetje.
To sem naredil res le v ilustracijo. Sicer
pa je preved postanega pelina, lepo-rec- ne
marmelade, odtujene samozagle-danos- ti
in slepe ulice. Zares nid ved kol
to: razmajana ropotarnica sanj in posta
ranih idej. Vse [e nadeto in nikoli dora-slo- :
premalo zraka, premalo toplote in
preiibka pljuda. Cutiti je izoliranost.
Cutiti je, da so izolirani tudi od kultur-neg- a
dogajanja v okolju, ki v njem ii-vij- o.
Vse ostaja pri namilljenih primer-java- h
in vrednofenjih "mi" in "oni".
Vse ostaja pri majhanih privatnih zep-ni-h
zgodovinicah, pri majhnih privatnih
iepnih resnicah in grenkem priokusu ne-mo- di
na dnu, pri umetno sladkastih sa-nji- h.
In pri spominih, ki se je v njih
orlovstvo in junasko domobranstvo Is
precej utrudilo in razdilalo. In se vedno
pri viztji bogabojedega slovenskega
kmeta, pohlevnega in nikoli slfega, a
vendor delavnega in zagledanega v po-smrt- no
zivljenje, deprav je o tern mitu
zadosti zgovorno spregovoril Je Cankar.i
Skratka, sviloprejke, kl umirajo v lastnih f
bubah: podasl In nelzogibno. In ta dile--t
tantizem Je ni ved zgolj tragedija, tern- -
ved tudi komedija
- …
