1,720,992 research outputs found
Analysis of Indoor Air Quality and Its Relationship to the Incidence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) in Elementary School (Case Study: SDN 105307 Sukaraya, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency)
No full textThe quality of indoor air has become a very important concern as it has the potential to affect the health and comfort of occupants. SDN 105307 Sukaraya is a school located on the edge of a highway, which may lead to a decrease in indoor air quality and can cause complaints of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms. This study aims to analyze the level of indoor air quality (temperature, humidity, lighting, ventilation rate, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and CO2), identify Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms, and analyze the relationship between indoor air quality and the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms. This research uses a Cross-Sectional design and Chi-Square statistical test method. SBS respondent data were collected using a questionnaire with a total of 83 respondents. The analysis results show that the average parameters of temperature, lighting, ventilation rate, PM10, CO gas, and CO2 in the three classrooms meet the quality standards, while humidity and PM2.5 parameters do not meet the quality standards. The most commonly reported SBS symptoms are sneezing and flu, followed by fatigue and lethargy. The Chi-Square test analysis results indicate a significant relationship between temperature and the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms with a p-value of 0.049. There is a significant relationship between humidity and the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms with a p-value of 0.043. There is a significant relationship between CO2 gas and the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms with a p-value of 0.013. However, there is no significant relationship between lighting, ventilation rate, PM2.5, PM10, and CO gas and the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms as the p-value is > 0.05. However, based on the analysis of correlation coefficient (R) and determination coefficient (R2), the concentration of PM2.5 has a very strong relationship with the occurrence of complaints of sneezing, flu, and cough most frequently with a value of R = 0.92 and R2 = 85%. The concentration of PM10 has a very strong correlation coefficient with the occurrence of complaints of fatigue and lethargy with a value of R = 0.99 and R2 = 99%121 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Analisis Kuantitas dan Kualitas Minyak Hasil Pirolisis dari Jenis Plastik PP dan LDPE
Full text linkPlastic waste management is a problem because plastic is a material that cannot be decomposed naturally. Pyrolysis is one of the plastic waste processing methods to solve the problem of plastic waste volume by using chemical recycling methods. The purpose of this research is to determine the quantity and quality of density, viscosity and calorific value of pyrolyzed oil from Polypropylene (PP) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic types and compare them with oil on the market. This study used 15 kg each of Polypropylene (PP) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste. The pyrolysis process was carried out with a temperature range of 250-3500C. The quantity of PP plastic pyrolysis oil obtained was 12730 ml while the LDPE plastic type only amounted to 10490 ml, where the PP plastic type produced 21.3% more oil than the LDPE plastic type at the same treatment and temperature. The highest density for oil from pyrolysis of PP plastic is obtained at a temperature of 2500C which is 811 Kg/m3 and for the lowest density at a temperature of 3500C for the type of plastic PP lower density of 782 Kg/m3. The highest viscosity value of PP plastic type is at a temperature of 2500C, namely 2.02 cP and the lowest viscosity value at a temperature of 3500C, namely 0.86 cP. For the type of LDPE plastic, the highest viscosity is at a temperature of 3500C, namely 1.35 cP and the lowest viscosity at a temperature of 2500C, which is 1.14 cP. The highest calorific value of oil from pyrolysis of PP plastic at 3500C where the value is 10.870 kcal/g and the lowest calorific value at 2500C the calorific value of the oil obtained is 10.386 kcal/g.95 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Kajian Beban Emisi Karbon Monoksida (Co) dan Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) dari Sektor Transportasi On-Road di Ruas Jalan Kota Binjai
Full text linkTremendous increase in the number of vehicle in Binjai City for the last 3 years, as a consequences of
demanding transportation, potentially increase emission load especially on-road transportation
sector, and cause various environmental and health problems. In this study, CO and NOx emission
load estimation carried out using road length approach, emission factor and number of vehicles, four
years emission also calculated, considering the Binjai City medium term development plan (RPJMD)
2021-2026, emission load mapping using ArcGis Software and emission reduction resulting in ASI
(avoid-shift and improve) implementation as synchronizing to the national general energy plan
(REUN), for instance, shifting to mass transportation and the use of the electric motorbikes. The
estimated emission load of CO during weekday and weekend are 1.917,52 – 312.756,54 g/hour and
1.882,53 – 239.543,86 g/hour while NOx accounted in weekday and weekend are 177,75 – 47.809,39
g /hour and 181,29 – 3.863,63 g/hour. Based on the projected results with vehicle growth of 17%, CO
emission loads on weekdays and weekends are 3.590,03 – 585.551,25 g/hour and 3.524,52 –
537.970,33 g/hour while for NOx it is 332,78 – 89.510,04 g/hour and 339,42 – 69.017,08 g/hour. The
mapping results show that the highest CO and NOx emission loads are on primary arterial roads,
namely Jalan T.A Hamzah and Jalan Soekarno Hatta. The application of the specified scenario in the
form of shifting to mass transportation can reduce CO emissions by 22-24%, but fails to reduce NOx
emissions. While the scenario of switching to electric motorcycles is able to reduce the emission load
for both CO and NOx by 5% and 1%.172 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Design of a Compact Household-Scale Incinerator
No full textWaste remains a major problem due to population growth, technological advances, and lifestyle changes. The large volume of waste is not matched by waste management facilities, leading many people to openly burn waste and producing dangerous pollutants. Using incinerators with air pollution control technology can be an effective solution to quickly destroy waste with minimal emissions. This research aims to design a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly household-scale incinerator, considering factors like combustion efficiency and low emissions according to applicable standards. The design method starts with literature review and secondary data collection, selecting the design and materials used. Then, calculations and design creation are done using Autodesk Fusion 360. Based on the calculations, combustion process simulations were performed using Aspen Plus, and air and thermal distribution simulations were conducted using Autodesk CFD until the simulation results met the applicable standards. In the final stage, the design drawings were made. The result of this design is a single-chamber incinerator with a capacity of 5 kg or 21 L, a diameter of 38 cm, and a height of 69 cm. It is equipped with a high-efficiency Stairmand cyclone scrubber with a diameter of 21 cm, using 10 L/h of water at the cyclone inlet to capture and reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas. Simulation results using Aspen Plus show emissions of 0.028 m³/s, with parameters for total particulates, CO, SO₂, and NOx below the standards set by Permen LHK No. 70/2016. The cyclone scrubber's removal efficiency is 99.93% for total particulates, 100% for CO, 35% for SO₂, and 35.11% for NOx. The air and thermal distribution simulation results using Autodesk CFD show airflow velocity in the combustion chamber ranging from 0.25 to 2 m/s, in the duct between the combustion chamber and cyclone scrubber from 6 to 8.9 m/s, and within the cyclone scrubber from 1 to 5 m/s, with temperatures in the combustion chamber ranging from 460 to 500°C and in the chimney from 70 to 180°C81 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Analisis Timbulan, KomposisKarakteristik Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Potensi Biogas di Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan dan Kecamatan Namorambe
No full textThe waste problem is not only a short-term problem but will be a long-term problem if the waste management system is not adjusted to the amount of waste generated. Percut Sei Tuan Subdistrict and Namorambe Subdistrict are sub-districts located in Deli Serdang Regency. The two sub-districts have never directly sampled the generation, composition and, characteristics of household waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the generation, composition, characteristics of household waste and biogas potential from organic waste. Taking and measuring the generation and composition of household waste using the SNI 19-3964-1994 method. The average household waste generation in Percut Sei Tuan District is 0.24 kg/person/day or 3.39 liters/person/day. Meanwhile, the average household waste generation in Namorambe District is 0.21 kg/person/day or 3.13 liters/person/day. The composition of household waste in Percut Sei Tuan District consists of 65.28% organic waste, 17.18% plastic, 8.05% paper, 2.93% LWTR, 2.84% other waste, 1.88% metal, glass 1,82%, inert 0.02%. Meanwhile, the composition of household waste in Namorambe District consists of 68.89% organic waste, 15.55% plastic, 5.92% other waste, 4.81% paper, 2.54% LWTR, metal 1.31%, glass 0, 99% and, 0.19% inert. The characteristics of household waste in Percut Sei Tuan District consist of specific gravity of 0.091 kg/l, 33.10% water content, 56.85% volatile content, 3.85% ash content, 6.19% fixed carbon and, a calorific value of 3,679, 00 kcal/kg. Meanwhile, for Namorambe sub-district, it has a specific gravity of 0.099 kg/l. water content is 48.27%, volatile content is 44.82%, ash content is 3.80%, fixed carbon is 3.11% and calorific value is 3,682.60 kcal/kg. The biogas potential of organic waste in Percut Sei Tuan District is 644.571.45 m3/month and Namorambe District is 33,296.86 m3/month.Masalah sampah tidak hanya menjadi masalah jangka pendek tetapi akan menjadi masalah jangka panjang jika sistem pengelolaan sampah tidak disesuaikan dengan timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan. Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan dan Kecamatan Namorambe merupakan kecamatan yang terdapat di Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Kedua kecamatan tersebut belum pernah melakukan sampling timbulan, komposisi dan karakteristik sampah rumah tangga secara langsung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui timbulan, komposisi, karakteristik sampah rumah tangga dan potensi biogas dari sampah organik Pengambilan dan pengukuran timbulan dan komposisi sampah rumah tangga menggunakan metode SNI 19-3964-1994. Rata-rata timbulan sampah rumah tangga di Kecamatan Perct Sei Tuan adalah 0,24 kg/orang/hari atau 3,39 liter/orang/hari. Sedangkan rata-rata timbulan sampah rumah tangga Kecamatan Namorambe adalah 0,21 kg/orang/hari atau 3,13 liter/orang/hari. Komposisi sampah rumah tangga Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan terdiri dari sampah organik 65,28%, plastik 17,18%, kertas 8,05%, LWTR 2,93%, sampah lainnya 2,84%, logam 1,88%, kaca 1,82%, inert 0,02%. Sedangkan komposisi sampah rumah tangga Kecamatan Namorambe terdiri dari sampah organik 68,89%, plastik 15,55%, sampah lainnya 5,92%, kertas 4,81%, LWTR 2,54%, logam 1,31%, kaca 0,99% dan inert 0,19%. Karakteristik sampah rumah tangga Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan terdiri dari berat jenis sebesar 0,091 kg/l, kadar air 33,10%, kadar volatil 56,85%, kadar abu 3,85%, karbon tetap 6,19% serta nilai kalor 3.679,00 kkal/kg. Sedangkan untuk Kecamatan Namorambe terdiri dari berat jenis sebesar 0,099 kg/l. kadar air 48,27%, kadar volatil 44,82%, kadar abu 3,80%, karbon tetap 3,11% serta nilai kalor 3.682,60 kkal/kg. Potensi biogas sampah organik di Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan adalah 644.571,45 m3/bulan dan Kecamatan Namorambe 33.296,86 m3/bulan.110 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Development of Incinerator for Household Waste Processing
No full textGlobal environmental issues, especially waste management in Indonesia, highlight the high national waste production that is not managed optimally. Incineration is an effective alternative method to reduce waste volume, remove toxins, and produce further usabel products. However, previous studies have shown uneven temperatures in the combustion chamber, causing some waste to remain unburned. Therefore, this research aims to develop an improved incinerator by adding and enhancing its components to improve performance and operational efficiency. The design methodology involves initial testing of the combustion chamber to collect primary data. This data serves as a basis for comparison in developing the incinerator design. The incinerator design development is conducted using Autodesk Fusion 360 and Autodesk CFD software, involving design and simulation stages to optimize performance and minimize risks before implementation. The results of the incinerator development design show the addition of conductors in the form of 0.9 cm diameter copper pipes, each 72 cm long, placed 3 pieces at each corner of the combustion chamber. These added copper pipes effectively store and distribute heat, especially at the corners of the combustion chamber. Additionally, galvanized and copper pipes are added to the air blower to improve air distribution within the combustion chamber. Test results indicate a significant improvement in the incinerator's combustion chamber specifications for household waste processing compared to the previous version. These improvements include shorter burning times, higher efficiency and combustion rates, as well as reduced consumption of diesel fuel, electricity, and operational costs. The incinerator can burn 17.5 kg of waste in approximately 40 minutes at temperatures of 670-≥ 850°C, achieving a combustion efficiency of 91.7%. The energy consumption required is 6.6 liters of diesel fuel and 9,539 kWh, with operational costs ranging from Rp 60,154 to Rp 113,944 per 17.5 kg of waste96 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Carbon Sequestration Potential of the Grening Program PT PLN Indonesia Power Pangkalan Susu PGU on the Economic Value of Carbon
No full textGlobal warming is a significant issue affecting the environment, primarily due to greenhouse gas emissions from the power generation sector. The Pangkalan Susu coal-fired power plant has a responsibility to mitigate the environmental impact of its operational activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the carbon sequestration potential of the greening program conducted by the Pangkalan Susu power plant and its economic value. The methods used include allometric equations to measure carbon sequestration and calculations for the economic value of carbon. This study analyzes the estimated carbon sequestration and economic value of the greening program at the Pangkalan Susu power plant. The results show that the total carbon sequestration reaches 1,231.06 tons of CO₂ per year, with an economic value of 10 per ton of CO₂. Although it provides environmental benefits and economic value, the program still falls short of meeting the emission standards set by KEPMEN ESDM No.14 of 2023.83 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Studi Inventarisasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (CO2, N2O, dan CH4) dari Aktivitas Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas dan Uap (PLTGU) PT. PLN UPDK Belawan
Full text linkPT PLN Belawan Gas and Steam Power Plant (PLTGU) is the main supplier of electricity needs in the North Sumatra System. In its operational activities, this PLTGU produces greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4), both from stationary sources (chimneys) and mobile sources (transportation). This PLTGU uses diesel oil as fuel but in 2015, this PLTGU replaced natural gas as a permanent fuel. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of annual emission load generated from stationary sources and mobile sources at PT PLN UPDK Belawan and to determine whether there is a difference in the emission load generated when switching the type of fuel from diesel oil to natural gas in the operation of the PLTGU. The method of calculating the emission load for stationary sources used is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 method. While the method of calculating the emission load for mobile sources used is based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment Number 12 of 2010 concerning the Implementation of Air Pollution Control in the Region. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the annual emission load from stationary sources of PT PLN UPDK Belawan, 6,205,806.67 tons of CO2 eq/year and mobile sources is 9.06 tons of CO2 eq/year. There is a difference in the emission load generated when switching the type of fuel from diesel oil to natural gas in the operation of the PLTGU, which is 20.85%. The selected scenario for reducing emissions for immobile sources is fuel substitution, natural gas fuel is chosen to be a permanent fuel in the operation of the PLTGU. While the emission reduction scenario for mobile sources is replacing employee buses with electric buses with a larger capacity.123 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Identification of Potential Electronic Waste Generation at the University of North Sumatera
No full textHigher education institutions (universities) contribute greatly to the rapidly growing threat of e-waste. The University of North Sumatra is one of the major e-waste generators in Medan City, due to the use of a high number of electronic devices to support the learning and operational processes at the university. Data on e-waste generation at the University of North Sumatra is currently unknown. In addition, the University of North Sumatra is a university that implements a green campus, where USU has the capacity to develop sustainable science which requires the support of an environmentally friendly campus environment. The sampling technique used in determining the object of this research is Random Sampling. Data processing carried out in this study is to calculate the estimated amount of potential electronic waste generated and analyze the Material Flow Analysis scheme at the University of North Sumatra. In this study, mixed data analysis (quantitative and qualitative) was used. The highest potential e-waste generation in the ICT equipment category is PC with a weight of 75547 kg, the highest potential e-waste generation in the household equipment category is dispenser with a weight of 19093 kg, the highest potential e-waste generation in the temperature exchange equipment category is air conditioning with a weight of 2029960 kg, and the potential e-waste generation in the lighting category is lamps with a weight of 477210 kg. The potential electronic waste generation of the University of North Sumatra in 2034 per category that has the highest percentage is temperature exchange electronic equipment with a percentage of 74.2%. Followed by electronic equipment for lighting 16.5%, ICT electronic equipment 7.7%, and household electronic equipment 1.6%. Factors that cause the potential generation of electronic waste at the University of North Sumatra in the non-domestic sector and the domestic sector, namely the age of use of electronic equipment that has passed the productive age, the behavior of using electronic goods (using electronic goods excessively and electronic goods that are very rarely used), lack of maintenance of electronic equipment, and the effects of increasing electronic goods technology which causes consumptive behavior to buy new goods due to the decreasing quality of goods. The material flow of damaged electronic goods at the University of North Sumatra in ICT electronic equipment 64% are stored, 12% are disposed of, 12% are sold, and 12% are donated. Household electronic equipment 17% were kept, 18% were sold, 17% were discarded, and 48% were donated. Temperature exchange electronic equipment 14% were kept, 14% were sold, 15% were sold, and 57% were donated. Electronic appliances for lighting 100% were disposed of239 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
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