1,720,953 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR): A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE DIGITAL AGE
Get PDFThe rapid integration of emerging technologies into various facets of society has brought about a paradigm shift in the realm of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). This comprehensive study seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics surrounding the intersection of emerging technologies—such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and biotechnology—with IPR in the digital age. The overarching objective is to scrutinize the challenges and opportunities that emerge from this synergy, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of the evolving landscape of intellectual property. An extensive literature review explores the historical evolution of IPR, providing a foundation for comprehending the traditional principles underpinning this legal domain. Building upon this historical context, the study delves into the impact of contemporary technologies on patent law, copyright, and trademark regulations. Notable advancements in artificial intelligence present challenges related to patentable subject matter and algorithmic inventions, prompting a critical analysis of their implications. Similarly, biotechnological innovations introduce ethical considerations, necessitating an examination of their effect on the patentability of novel inventions. The research concludes by offering recommendations for legal adaptations, ensuring that intellectual property laws remain robust and adaptable in the face of the challenges and opportunities ushered in by the digital age.
Keywords: IPR and digital age, Technology, Virtual impact, Technological advancement
Introduction
The introduction contextualizes the research by highlighting the accelerated pace of technological advancements and their profound implications for IPR. It underscores the necessity of a comprehensive examination to navigate the intricate dynamics of technology’s influence on intellectual property.
Background
The advent of the digital age has ushered in an era of unprecedented technological innovation, bringing forth advancements in artificial intelligence, blockchain, and biotechnology that are reshaping the global economic and social landscape. As these emerging technologies continue to permeate various industries, their profound impact on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) has become increasingly evident. Intellectual property, encompassing patents, copyrights, and trademarks, serves as the cornerstone for fostering innovation, creativity, and economic growth. However, the accelerated pace of technological change presents both challenges and opportunities for the traditional frameworks governing IPR.
Acceleration of Technological Advancements:[1]
The past few decades have witnessed exponential growth in technological capabilities, with breakthroughs in AI, blockchain, and biotechnology becoming integral parts of daily life. AI, powered by machine learning algorithms, has demonstrated the ability to create, innovate, and automate tasks traditionally associated with human intelligence. Blockchain technology has disrupted conventional notions of trust and transparency by providing decentralized and secure systems for data management and transactions. Simultaneously, biotechnology has pushed the boundaries of innovation in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability.
Dynamic Nature of Intellectual Property Rights:[2]
The traditional mechanisms governing intellectual property face unprecedented challenges in this dynamic technological landscape. Patents designed to protect novel inventions find themselves navigating the intricate terrain of algorithmic innovations. Copyright, intended to protect creative works, grapples with the emergence of AI-generated content. Trademarks, as symbols of brand identity, confront new challenges in virtual spaces and the metaverse. The interplay between these emerging technologies and established IPR frameworks necessitates a nuanced understanding to address the evolving complexities effectively.
Global Interconnectedness and Policy Implications:[3]
The digital age has ushered in a new era of global interconnectedness, where ideas, information, and innovations flow seamlessly across borders. This interconnectedness amplifies the importance of a harmonized and adaptable intellectual property regime that can effectively balance the interests of creators, innovators, consumers, and the broader public. As countries and regions grapple with the regulatory implications of emerging technologies, there is a pressing need for comprehensive research to inform policymakers, legal practitioners, and stakeholders about the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
Against this backdrop, this comprehensive study aims to delve into the intricate dynamics of how emerging technologies influence Intellectual Property Rights. By exploring the challenges and opportunities presented, this research endeavours to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing discourse surrounding the adaptation of IPR frameworks to the demands of the digital age. In doing so, it seeks to pave the way for informed policy decisions, legal adaptations, and industry strategies that foster innovation, protect creative endeavours, and ensure the continued evolution of intellectual property in a technologically dynamic world.
Objectives
This section outlines the study’s specific objectives, including exploring challenges posed by emerging technologies, identifying opportunities for enhanced protection, and assessing the adaptability of existing IPR regulations.1. Literature review
1.1 Historical Evolution of IPR
The historical evolution of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a fascinating journey reflecting societal, economic, and technological changes over time. The concept of protecting intellectual creations and innovations has ancient roots, but formalized legal frameworks emerged much later. Here’s a brief overview of the historical evolution of IPR:
Ancient Roots
Roman Law and Manuscript Copying 1996: In ancient Rome, there were early instances of legal protection for certain creations. For example, the Lex Rhodia of the 2nd century BCE granted protection to sea captains for their innovations. Manuscript copying in monasteries during the Middle Ages also saw early forms of copyright-like protection.
Venetian Statute 1474: The Venetian Statute is considered one of the earliest forms of patent law. It granted inventors a limited monopoly over their inventions, marking a significant step towards formalizing intellectual property protection.
17th to 19th Centuries:
Statute of Anne 1710:The Statute of Anne in England is often regarded as the first modern copyright law. It granted authors the exclusive right to print and publish their works for a limited period, providing a legal framework for protecting literary works.
Statute of Monopolies 1624: In response to abuses of patent monopolies, the Statute of Monopolies in England limited the types of inventions that could be granted patents, emphasizing public interest.
Paris Convention 1883: The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property was a landmark international treaty that established a framework for mutual recognition of patents and trademarks among member countries.
20th Century:
Berne Convention 1886: The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works was another key international treaty, setting standards for copyright protection and promoting the idea of national treatment for foreign creators.
TRIPS Agreement 1994: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. It sets out minimum standards for various forms of intellectual property protection, emphasizing its global nature.
21st Century:
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA): The DMCA in the United States addressed issues related to digital media and the internet, criminalizing the circumvention of digital rights management (DRM) technologies, and providing safe harbours for online service providers.
Emergence of Intellectual Property Offices: Many countries established specialized offices to administer and enforce intellectual property rights. These offices are crucial in granting patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
Challenges of the Digital Age: The rapid development of digital technologies in the 21st century brought about new challenges for IPR, such as issues related to online piracy, file-sharing, and the protection of software and algorithms.
The historical evolution of IPR reflects society’s recognition of the value of intellectual creations and innovations, leading to the establishment of legal frameworks to incentivize and protect these endeavours. The ongoing challenge is to adapt these frameworks to the ever-changing technological and societal landscape while striking a balance between the rights of creators and the public interest.
1.2 Emerging Technologies and IPR[4]
The intersection of emerging technologies with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a dynamic and evolving field that necessitates a comprehensive review of scholarly literature. This segment aims to delve into the multifaceted impact of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and biotechnology on patent law, copyright, and trademark regulations. By exploring academic discussions and real-world case studies, this literature review seeks to elucidate the intricate relationship between these technologies and the intellectual property landscape.
Artificial Intelligence and Patent Law:[5]
AI-Generated Inventions: Scholars have explored the challenges and opportunities arising from inventions generated by AI algorithms. The debate centres on whether AI systems can be recognized as inventors, raising questions about inventorship, patentability criteria, and the role of human creativity in innovation.
Algorithmic Patenting: The literature discusses the implications of algorithmic innovations, examining how patent offices and legal systems adapt to the unique nature of AI-generated inventions. Key considerations include clarity in patent claims, non-obviousness standards, and the role of disclosure in the patenting process.
Ethical and Legal Concerns: Researchers analyze the ethical implications of AI in patent law, exploring issues such as bias in algorithms, transparency in decision-making, and the socio-legal challenges posed by AI-driven innovation. This section aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the ethical considerations associated with AI and patents.
Blockchain and Intellectual Property:[6]
Smart Contracts and Copyright: The literature review explores how blockchain, with its decentralized and transparent ledger system, impacts copyright enforcement by implementing smart contracts. It examines challenges related to digital content ownership, licensing, and the potential for decentralized content distribution platforms.
Supply Chain Authentication and Trademarks: Scholars delve into the use of blockchain for supply chain authentication and its implications for trademark protection. Case studies are examined to illustrate how blockchain’s tamper-resistant nature can enhance the authenticity of products, addressing issues related to counterfeiting and brand protection.
Tokenization of Intellectual Property: Researchers discuss the emergence of tokenization as a means to represent intellectual property ownership on blockchain platforms. The literature examines the potential for tokenized assets, including patents and copyrights, to revolutionize how intellectual property is traded and monetized.
Biotechnology and IPR:[7]
Gene Patents and Ethical Considerations: The literature review explores the historical context and ongoing debates surrounding gene patents. Researchers analyze the ethical considerations associated with patenting genetic material, addressing concerns related to access to healthcare, research, and the potential commodification of life.
Biopharmaceutical Innovations and Patent Landscape: Scholars investigate the impact of biotechnological advancements on the patent landscape, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry. The review examines patent strategies, challenges related to patentability criteria, and the role of patents in incentivizing innovation in biotechnology.
Open-Source Biotechnology: The literature explores the concept of open-source biotechnology and its implications for intellectual property. Case studies are examined to highlight instances where open-source models have facilitated collaboration, innovation, and knowledge sharing in the biotech sector.
Cross-Cutting Themes[8]:
Global Harmonization of IPR: The review addresses the need for global harmonization of intellectual property laws to accommodate the cross-border nature of emerging technologies. Scholars discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with creating a cohesive international framework that adapts to the pace of technological change.
Challenges of Enforcement: Examining the challenges in enforcing intellectual property rights in the digital age, this section delves into the complexities posed by emerging technologies. The literature discusses issues related to jurisdiction, digital piracy, and the role of technological measures in enforcing IPR.
Balancing Innovation and Access: Scholars explore the delicate balance between fostering innovation and ensuring access to technology and knowledge. The review examines how emerging technologies impact this balance and discusses potential policy frameworks that address innovation incentives and public access.
2. Methodology
Research design
This section outlines the research design, incorporating qualitative and quantitative methodologies, case studies, and legal analyses to comprehensively investigate the impact of emerging technologies on IPR.
3. Impact on patent law
3.1 AI and patentable subject matter[9]
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force in innovation, challenging established norms and paradigms, particularly within the framework of patentable subject matter. Integrating AI into inventive processes has led to re-evaluating traditional notions of inventiveness, patentability criteria, and even the very concept of inventorship. This essay delves into the multifaceted landscape of AI and patentable subject matter, exploring the challenges and opportunities that arise as we navigate this evolving intersection of technology and intellectual property.
The historical trajectory of patent law reveals a continual adaptation to technological advancements. From the early days of granting exclusive rights to inventors, patent systems have evolved to accommodate the complexities of various scientific and technological revolutions. However, the advent of AI presents a distinctive set of challenges that necessitate a fresh examination of patentable subject matter.
AI’s capacity for generating novel inventions introduces novel considerations for traditional patentability criteria. The principles of novelty, non-obviousness, and clarity in patent claims, which form the bedrock of patent law, face new challenges in the context of AI-generated innovations. AI\u27s sheer computational power allows it to sift through vast datasets, potentially calling into question the originality and inventiveness of AI-driven solutions. As patent offices grapple with determining the boundaries of novelty and non-obviousness in this digital era, the landscape of patentable subject matter becomes increasingly intricate.
Moreover, the issue of inventorship takes centre stage when AI is involved in the inventive process. Historically, the legal concept of an inventor has been a human entity capable of conceiving and reducing an invention to practice. However, the rise of AI-generated inventions raises fundamental questions about the attribution of creativity. Can an algorithm, devoid of consciousness and intentionality, be considered an inventor? Legal scholars and practitioners are engaged in a dialogue that transcends traditional boundaries, exploring the ethical and legal dimensions of recognizing AI as inventors.
The ethical considerations surrounding AI inventorship extend beyond legal frameworks. Discussions delve into accountability, responsibility, and the broader societal implications of machine-generated innovations. As AI increasingly contributes to inventive processes, stakeholders must grapple with questions of transparency, fairness, and the potential concentration of innovation in the hands of a select few entities possessing advanced AI capabilities.
Patent offices worldwide are responding to the challenges posed by AI-generated inventions, developing policies and guidelines to navigate this uncharted territory. These responses reflect the ongoing efforts to strike a delicate balance between fostering innovation and ensuring that patent systems remain equitable and accessible. However, the evolving nature of AI technology calls for adaptive frameworks that can keep pace with rapid advancements.
The practical applications of AI in various industries offer real-world case studies illuminating the impact on patentable subject matter. AI is revolutionizing drug discovery in the pharmaceutical sector, challenging traditional patent frameworks with innovations driven by machine learning algorithms. Similarly, the integration of AI into vehicle design and autonomous technologies in the automotive industry raises novel patentability questions.
Looking forward, anticipating future challenges is essential. The continuous evolution of AI capabilities, the potential for collaborative AI inventions, and the integration of AI into inventive processes are areas that demand attention. As we navigate this future landscape, legal adaptations become imperative to ensure that patent law remains not only relevant but also equitable and inclusive.
3.2 Biotechnology and patentability[10]
Biotechnology has emerged as a groundbreaking field with far-reaching implications for various industries, from medicine and agriculture to environmental science. As scientists delve into manipulating living organisms at the molecular and cellular levels, patentability becomes a pivotal consideration. Initially designed to incentivize innovation by granting exclusive rights to inventors, the patent system faces unique challenges and complexities when applied to the dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape of biotechnology.
At its core, biotechnology involves the manipulation of biological systems and processes to develop novel products, treatments, and technologies. This can encompass a broad spectrum of activities, from genetic engineering and gene editing to the creation of new drugs, vaccines, and agricultural products. As biotechnological innovations continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, the patentability of these advancements has become a focal point of legal, ethical, and scientific discourse.
The patenting of biotechnological inventions rests on the fundamental principles of novelty, non-obviousness, and utility. Innovations in biotechnology must demonstrate a significant departure from existing knowledge, possess inventive ingenuity, and offer practical utility to be considered for patent protection. However, the distinctive nature of biotechnological advancements introduces challenges that differ from those encountered in other fields of innovation.
One of the primary challenges in patenting biotechnological inventions arises from the intricate interplay between nature and human intervention. Unlike mechanical or electrical engineering inventions, biotechnological innovations often involve the manipulation or modification of living organisms, which are products of nature. Determining the boundary between what is naturally occurring and what results from human ingenuity poses a unique challenge for patent examiners and legal scholars.
Gene patents exemplify the nuanced nature of biotechnological patentability. The identification and isolation of specific genes, often associated with genetic disorders or valuable traits in agriculture, have been the subject of numerous patent applications. The ethical considerations surrounding the patenting of genes, especially when they have implications for human health, have sparked debates about the commodification of life and the accessibility of genetic information.
Furthermore, the pace of biotechnological innovation introduces another layer of complexity. The rapid progression of technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, challenges traditional patent examination processes. The ability to swiftly and precisely edit the DNA of living organisms raises questions about the scope and durability of patent protection, especially when the technology evolves before existing patents expire.
Patentability in biotechnology is not solely confined to human health or agriculture; it extends to diverse applications such as environmental remediation, bioenergy, and industrial processes. The patent system must grapple with assessing the novelty and inventiveness of inventions across this expansive spectrum, where the boundaries of what is considered patentable are continually evolving.
Despite these challenges, the patent system remains a crucial driver of innovation in biotechnology. The promise of exclusive rights incentivizes research and development, attracting investment and fostering a competitive landscape. However, balancing the interests of inventors, the public, and the broader scientific community becomes an intricate task in a field where advancements can have profound implications for human well-being and the environment.
4. Impact on copyright
4.1 AI-generated content[11]
The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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