10 research outputs found
Conceptual and empirical obstacles in defining MS-13: law-enforcement perspectives
No full textResearch Summary
Past and present gang scholarship is marked by debate as to the appropriate criteria for defining gangs and gang membership. Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13, highlights some obstacles in conceptualizing gangs and operationalizing gang membership. Although MS-13 has generated attention in recent years, little systematic criminological research exists on the gang. Drawing on in-depth interviews and surveys of law-enforcement gang experts, we link longstanding issues of gang definition and measurement to MS-13 in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.
Policy Implications
Gang and immigration enforcement are inextricably linked in the case of MS-13. The ambiguous, contested, and varied means by which gangs are defined and labeled may result in the overpolicing and overcriminalization of young immigrants of color and youth of color in general. Beyond unsubstantiated police stops, arrests, convictions, and gang enhancements, such labeling practices may lead to collateral immigration consequences including deportation and permanent bars to reentry into the United States.Peer reviewe
ب الفقه (MS 13); منطق العشاق دهنامه (MS 14); کنز اللطائف (MS 15); تحفه فی اللغه (MS 16); ترسل منشآت المنصوريه (MS 17); دهنامه روضة المحبين(MS 18); كفاية الاسلام (MS 19); رسالۀ فرض و سنت بمذهب امام الاعظم (MS 20); رسالۀ صرف عربی (MS 21); خسرو و شیرین (MS 22); ترکیب بند (MS 23); ترکیب بند (MS 24); مرآت الصلاح (MS 25); داستان امیر احمد و مهستی (MS 26); داستان منصور خلاج (MS 27); دهنامه روضة المحبين (MS 28); حکایۀ شیخ صنعان (MS 29); دهنامۀ سعد و همایون (MS 30); قصیدۀ نونیه (MS 31)
No full textBu, birbirinden farklı 13 ayrı yazmanın bir araya getirilip ciltlenmesiyle oluşturulmuştur (Yazma numaraları : MS 13, MS 14, MS 15, MS 16, MS 17, MS 18, MS 19, MS 20, MS 21, MS 22, MS 23, MS 24, MS 25, MS 26, MS 27, MS 28, MS 29, MS 30, MS 31). İki yazma (MS 13 ve MS 14) Arapça ve Farsça olmak üzere iki dilde yazılmışken, diğer yazmalar Farsça yazılmıştır. MS 13 : Ia’da kitabın Mehmed Emin’e ait olduğunu gösteren kayıt ve mühür ile 1209 tarihli Abdulfettah’a ait istishab kaydı; IIa-b’de harekeli nesihle Arapça dua; 1a’da Mehmed Emin ve İsmail adlarına temlik kayıtları. Eserin girişinde kitabın, “müdâyenât”, “mübaya’ât”, “münâkahât” ve “evkâf ve tevliyet” başlıklı dört kısımdan oluştuğu yazılıdır. Fakat son kısım eksiktir. Kitabın başında veya içinde adına ve yazarına ait hiçbir bilgi yoktur. Mevcut kaynaklardan da kitabın adını ve kim tarafından yazıldığını tespit etmek mümkün olmamıştır. Arapça yazılan satırların arasına kırmızı mürekkeple Farsça çeviri eklenmiştir. [Muhtemelen tamir sırasında 31a-43b arasındaki forma ters ciltlenmiş, dolayısıyla 30b’nin devamı 43b’den sonra geliyor ve eser 31a yaprağında son buluyor]. Farklı eserleri ihtiva eden büyük bir mecmua niteliğindeki kitapta yer alan diğer es
The Salvadoran Willie Horton: MS-13, electoral politics, and racialized fear mongering
No full textPeer reviewe
Journal de voyage du cardinal-légat Alexandre de Médicis
No full textThe texts we propose here are excerpts describing the events during Cardinal Alessandro de’ Medici’s legation in France, and more precisely, the period covering their departure from Rome on 10 May 1596 until their return to Ferrara on 10 November 1598. The dedicatory letter, which serves as a preface, tells us that the author, Francesco Gregorij da Terni, was part of the cardinal’s entourage. However, the structure of the text betrays the fact that these are not the actual notes written during the trip, but rather a clean version of the said notes, the manuscript having been completed in 1599, according to the dedication. Several versions of the text exist (ms. Ital. 662, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris; ms. 13. After Barbiche 1997, p. 607, note 9, Archivio Vaticano, Fondo Pio, Rome). The version presented here, held in the Biblioteca Angelica in Rome, is of particular interest because of the “diplomatic” corrections it contains. These were provided by a third party – in all likelihood, Alessandro de’ Medici himself – probably for publication or another form of diffusion. The transcript that follows concentrates on sections of the text describing the perception of the French court. These include hearings the legate had with King Henry IV, official and religious ceremonies, as well as the negotiations leading to the Peace of Vervins (1598). We have also transcribed the descriptions of Paris and of other cities in the kingdom of cultural or historical significance
Fighting Gangs to Dismantle Democracy: How Anti-Crime Policies Have Contributed to the Authoritarian Drift in Central America
No full textEl Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—have seen some of the highest levels of criminal violence globally. They are also ground zero for two of the most brutal street gangs in the Western Hemisphere: the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and the 18th Street Gang (Barrio 18). Different government administrations have implemented various policies to address gangs and criminal violence; however, no policy has been more controversial or frequently used than the zero-tolerance, or mano dura (iron fist), crackdowns. Zero-tolerance crackdowns were introduced at different moments in all three countries but have been a dominant feature of state response to crime in Central America in the last two decades. In this essay, the author examines the latest installment of hard-on-crime policies in El Salvador and how they contributed to the democratic erosion of the country. This case exemplifies how Central American governments have repeatedly used the fight against crime as a justification to strengthen security forces without oversight, ignore human rights standards, and leverage the justice system to serve corrupt government officials
The Reproducibility of Lists of Differentially Expressed Genes in Microarray Studies
Get PDFReproducibility is a fundamental requirement in scientific experiments and clinical contexts. Recent publications raise concerns about the reliability of microarray technology because of the apparent lack of agreement between lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In this study we demonstrate that (1) such discordance may stem from ranking and selecting DEGs solely by statistical significance (P) derived from widely used simple t-tests; (2) when fold change (FC) is used as the ranking criterion, the lists become much more reproducible, especially when fewer genes are selected; and (3) the instability of short DEG lists based on P cutoffs is an expected mathematical consequence of the high variability of the t-values. We recommend the use of FC ranking plus a non-stringent P cutoff as a baseline practice in order to generate more reproducible DEG lists. The FC criterion enhances reproducibility while the P criterion balances sensitivity and specificity
Brain electric fields, belief in the paranormal, and reading of emotion words
No full textThe present work reports two experiments on brain electric correlates of cognitive and emotional functions. (1) Studying paranormal belief, 35-channel resting EEG (10 believers and 13 skeptics) was analyzed with "Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography" (LORETA) in seven frequency bands. LORETA gravity centers of all bands shifted to the left in believers vs. sceptics, and showed that believers had stronger left fronto-temporo-parietal activity than skeptics. Self-rating of affective attitude showed believers to be less negative than skeptics. The observed EEG lateralization agreed with the ‘valence hypothesis’ that posits predominant left hemispheric processing for positive emotions. (2) Studying emotions, positive and negative emotion words were presented to 21 subjects while "Event-Related Potentials" (ERPs) were recorded. During word presentation (450 ms), 13 microstates (steps of information processing) were identified. Three microstates showed different potential maps for positive vs. negative words; LORETA functional imaging showed stronger activity in microstate #4 (106-122 ms) for positive words right anterior, for negative words left central; in #6 (138-166 ms) for positive words left anterior, for negative words left posterior; in #7 (166-198 ms), for positive words right anterior, for negative words right central. In conclusion: during word processing, the extraction of emotion content starts as early as 106 ms after stimulus onset; the brain identifies emotion content repeatedly in three separate, brief microstate epochs; and, this processing of emotion content in the three microstates involves different brain mechanisms to represent the distinction positive vs. negative valence.Die Arbeit umfasst zwei Experimente zu hirnelektrischen Korrelaten kognitiver und emotionaler Funktionen. (1) Glauben an paranormale Phänomene: 35-Kanal Ruhe-EEG (10 Gläubige, 13 Skeptiker) wurde mit "Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography" (LORETA) analysiert (7 EEG-Frequenzbänder). LORETA zeigte Links-Verschiebung der Schwerpunkte aller Bänder bei Gläubigen durch erhöhte Aktivität links fronto-temporo-parietal. Die Affektive Haltung war im Selbst-Rating bei Gläubigen weniger negativ als bei Skeptikern. Die EEG-Lateralisierung passt zur Valenz-Hypothese emotionaler Verarbeitung, die vorwiegend linkshemisphärische Aktivität bei positiver Emotion postuliert. (2) Zur Emotions-Verarbeitung wurden 21 Versuchspersonen emotional positive und negative Wörter gezeigt und dabei "Event-Related Potentials" (ERPs) registriert. 13 Mikrozustände (Informations-Verarbeitungsschritte) wurden während der Darbietungszeit (450 ms) identifiziert. In 3 Mikrozuständen unterschieden sich die topographischen ERP-Karten für positive und negative Wörter. LORETA zeigte erhöhte Aktivität im Mikrozustand #4 (106-122 ms) für positive Wörter rechts anterior, für negative links zentral; im Mikrozustand #6 (138-166 ms) für positive Wörter links anterior, für negative links posterior; im Mikrozustand #7 (166-198 ms) für positive Wörter rechts anterior, für negative rechts zentral. Zusammenfassend: die Extraktion emotionalen Gehalts beginnt bereits 106 ms nach Stimulusbeginn, umfasst repetitiv drei separate, kurze Verarbeitungsschritte, und erfolgt in diesen Schritten auf unterschiedliche Art, d.h. benutzt unterschiedliche Hirnmechanismen zur Inkorporation der Unterscheidung positiv-negativ
Xi'an'daki Hui Müslüman kimliği
No full textÇin’de İslam’a inanan on etnik grup vardır, bu gruplardan bir tanesinin adı Hui’dir. Bugün, Hui halkı neredeyse tüm Çin şehirlerinde bulunur, fakat çoğu Xi’an şehri dahil olmak üzere Çin’in kuzeybatı bölgelerinde yaşamaktadır.Bin yıldan fazla bir süre önce, bazı Araplar, Persler ve Orta Asya’daki Müslümanlar, iş ve eğitim nedeniyle Kara İpek Yolu ve Deniz İpek Yolu ile Çin’e gelmişler ve Çin’de yaşamaya başlamışlardır. Bu batıdan gelen Müslümanlar, bazı Çinli kadınlarla evlenmişler ve nesiller boyu Çin’de yerleşmişlerdir. Zamanla, onlar ve çocukları Çin kültürünü öğrenmeye çalışmışlar ve böylece onların “Çinlileşme” süreci de başlamıştır. Çin’deki Yuan (元) Hanedanlığı (MS 13. yüzyıl) döneminde, “Hui ataları” Çin hükümeti tarafından hanehalkı kayıt defterine kaydedilmiş ve Çin vatandaşı oldukları kabul edilmiştir. O zamandan itibaren, Hui ataları resmi olarak Çin vatandaşlığının bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Hui ataları, Çince ve geleneksel Çin Konfüçyüs kültürünü öğrenirken İslami inançlarından vazgeçmediler. Onun yerine, Hui halkının ataları, eğitim yoluyla İslami inançları ve kültürleri miras olarak aktarmaya çalıştılar.Çin’deki Ming (明) Hanedanlığı (M.S. 14. yüzyıl) döneminde, Hui grubu, kendi özel kültürüyle bağımsız bir ulus oldu. Hui’lerin Müslüman ve Çinli vatandaş olarak ikili kimlikleri, Hui kültürünün ikili özelliklerini belirler. Hui kültürü, İslam ve Çin kültürünün kaynaşmasının sonucudur. Başka bir deyişle, Hui kültürü hem İslam kültürünün içeriğine hem de Çin kültürünün içeriğine sahiptir.Peki, binlerce yıldır, Çin topraklarında hayatta kalan Hui halkı her zaman benzersiz kültürlerini ve kimliklerini nasıl koruyabilir? Bu tez, Hui halkının tarihinin, ekonomisinin, eğitiminin ve kültürünün dört ana yönünü tanıtıp, aynı zamanda “On Faktör”ün Hui grubu ve Hui kimliği oluşturulmasındaki rolü üzerine derin bir analiz yaparak, Çin’deki Hui Müslümanlarının kimliğini ve bu özel kimliği koruyabilmelerinin nedenlerini açıklamaya çalışmıştır.Giriş bölümü, bu tezin yazılması için teorik temeli oluşturan araştırma konusunu, amacını, yöntemlerini ve bu tezle ilgili teorik çerçeveyi ve kavramları tanıtmıştır. Etnik kimlik teorisine ek olarak bu tezin yazarı şunları önermektedir: etnik oluşum, ulusal kimlik inşası ve ulusal kimliğin korunması sürecinde savaş ve doğal afetler gibi dış ve nesnel faktörlere ek olarak, dini inançlar, kan ilişkileri, ulusal politikalar, ekonomi ve ticaret, eğitim stratejileri, dil ve yazı, halk kültürü, yerleşim yapısı ve etnik gruplar arası etkileşim çok önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Kısaltma: “Ulusal Kimliği Etkileyen On Faktör”.Ⅰ. Bölüm “Xi’an’daki Hui Müslümanların Tarihçesi”nde Hui’nin Çin’de oluşumu ve gelişiminin tarihçesi tanıtılmaktadır.Ⅱ. Bölüm “Xi’an’daki Hui Müslümanların Ekonomik Durumu”nda Çin’in farklı dönemlerinde Hui ekonomisinin gelişimi ve durumu tanıtılmaktadır.Ⅲ. Bölüm “Xi’an’daki Hui Müslümanların Eğitim Durumu”nda Çin tarihinde farklı dönemlerde Hui halkının eğitiminin farklı biçimleri ve içeriği ve bu eğitim formlarının ve içeriğinin Hui kültürünün oluşumu ve miras olarak aktarılması üzerindeki etkileri tanıtılmaktadır.Ⅳ. Bölüm “Xi’an’daki Hui Müslümanların Kültürel Gelenekleri”nde ahlâki özellikler, yaşam törenleri, bayramlar, gıda kültürleri, giysiler ve sanatlar olmak üzere altı açıdan Hui’lerin kültürel geleneklerinin içeriği ayrıntılı olarak tanıtılmaktadır.Ⅴ. Bölüm “Xi’an’daki Hui Müslüman Kimliğinin Kapsamlı Analizi”nde Hui halkının kimliğinin ikili özelliği, “On Faktör” arasındaki ilişkileri incelenip, Hui etnik grubunun oluşumunda, ulusal kimliğin inşasında ve kimliğin korunmasında “On Faktör” tarafından oynanan rol kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmektedir.Bu tezin ana çerçevesi ve fikri bu şekildedir.Sonuç olarak tez yazarı, “On Faktör” perspektifinden “Çinli” ve “Müslüman” ikili kimliğini şekillendirmek ve korumak için Hui halkına yardım etmemiz gerektiğine inanmaktadır. Böylece Hui Müslümanlarının kimliğinin benzersizliği korunabilir. Çünkü Hui halkının bu özel kimliğinin oluşumu ve sürdürülmesi, Hui kültürünün korunması ve miras olarak aktarılması için çok önemlidir. Hui kültürü, Hui’nin bağımsız bir etnik grup olarak var olmasının temel nedenidir.There are ten ethnic groups in China that believe in Islam, one of them is Hui. Today, the people of Hui are located in almost all Chinese cities, but most of them live in the northwestern regions of China, including the city of Xi’an.More than a thousand years ago, for business and education reasons, some Arabs, Persians, and some Muslims in Central Asia through the Land Silk Road and Sea Silk Road, came to China and started living in China. These western Muslims married some Chinese women and settled in China for generations. Over time, they and their children tried to learn about Chinese culture; therefore, their “sinicization” process began.During the Yuan Dynasty (13th century AD) in China, the “Hui ancestors” were recorded into the household registration book by the Chinese government and considered to be Chinese citizens. Since then, Hui ancestors have officially become part of Chinese citizens. Hui ancestors did not give up their Islamic beliefs while learning Chinese and traditional Chinese Confucian culture. Instead, the ancestors of the Hui people tried to inherit Islamic beliefs and cultures through education.During the Ming Dynasty (14th century AD) in China, the Hui group became an independent nation with its own special culture. As a Muslim and a Chinese citizen, those dual identities of Hui people determine the dual characteristics of Hui culture. Hui culture is the result of the fusion of Islam and Chinese culture. In other words, Hui culture has both the content of Islamic culture and the content of Chinese culture.This thesis examines how the Hui people who have survived on the land of China always maintain their unique culture and identity for thousands of years. It introduced the four major aspects of the history, economy, education, and culture of the Hui people and also analyzed deeply the role of the “Ten Factors” in the formation of the Hui nationality and the identity of the Hui nationality, and tried to explain the identity of the Hui Muslims in China and the reasons why they can maintain this special identity.The introduction part introduced the research theme, methods and theoretical framework and concepts related to this thesis, which lays the theoretical foundation for the writing of this thesis. As a supplement to the theory of ethnic identity, the author proposes that in the process of ethnic formation, national identity construction, and the maintenance of national identity, in addition to external and objective factors such as war and natural disasters, religious beliefs, blood relations, national policies, economy and trade, education strategies, language and writing, folk culture, settlement structure and interaction between ethnic groups played a very important role. Short title: “Ten Major Factors Affecting National Identity”.The first part of the thesis “The History of Hui Muslims in Xi’an” introduced the history of the formation and development of the Hui people in China.The second part of the thesis “Economic Status of Hui Muslims in Xi’an” introduced the development and status of Hui economy in various periods.The third part of the thesis “Educational Status of Hui Muslims in Xi’an” introduced the different forms and contents of the education of the Hui people in different periods in Chinese history, and the influence of these Hui education forms and contents on the formation and inheritance of Hui culture.The fourth part of the thesis “Cultural Traditions of Hui Muslims in Xi’an” introduced the content of Hui culture traditions in detail from six aspects: moral characteristics, life ceremonies, festivals, food cultures, clothing and arts.In the fifth part of the thesis “Comprehensive Analysis of Hui Muslim Identity in Xi’an”, the author analyzes the dual characteristics of the Hui identity, analyzes the relationship between the “Ten Factors”, and comprehensively analyzes the role played by the “Ten Factors” in the formation of the Hui ethnic group, the construction of their national identity and the maintenance of their identity. These are the main frame and writing idea of this thesis.In the end, the author believes that we should help the Hui people to shape and maintain their dual identity of “Chinese” and “Muslim” from the perspective of “Ten Factors”, so as to maintain the uniqueness of the Hui identity. Because the formation and maintenance of the special identity of the Hui people is very important for the protection and inheritance of the Hui culture. The Hui culture is the fundamental reason why the Hui can exist as an independent ethnic nation in China
Eyewitness accounts of 'the Indies' in the Later Medieval West: reading, reception, and re-use (c. 1300-1500)
Get PDFDespite increased mercantile and missionary contact between the Latin West and India and China between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, scholars have often
noted that Western Europe's knowledge of India, as judged by geographical texts from the period, changed surprisingly little during this time. This thesis employs
some of the methodologies of reception studies in order to investigate the role played by first-hand travel accounts in the construction and change of concepts of the Indies
during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It investigates in particular the reception in Italy, France and England of the information about the area known as
India or the 'three Indies' presented in the texts produced by two Italian travellers to the East: the Divisament dou monde of the Venetian merchant Marco Polo (c. 1298),
and the Relatio of the Franciscan missionary Odorico da Pordenone (1330).
The thesis falls into three distinct parts. In the first section, I contextualise the project with a broad survey of the Latin European ideas of India in the late thirteenth
and early fourteenth centuries and with an outline of the travellers' journeys and their contexts. The second part of the thesis provides a broad overview of the
circumstances of diffusion of the two travel accounts in England, France and Italy over the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, before conducting a detailed, manuscriptbased
investigation of the ways in which the two accounts of India were approached by their early readers. This investigation focuses principally upon the presentation
and possible modes of reception of the texts' geographical and ethnographic details and relies heavily on the evidence of presentation, paratext and the traces of reading
present in the physical texts of the accounts.
The third and final part of the thesis considers the evidence of the reception of elements from first-hand travel accounts in other textual and cartographic
productions. Proceeding on the basis of case studies, it demonstrates that first-hand accounts of 'the Indies' were used by the authors and compilers of cosmo graphical
texts in this period in a variety of ways. It suggests, however, that the manner and context of the deployment of elements from such accounts often tended to assimilate
these with, rather than distinguish them from, the writings of accepted authorities. This section also contrasts the way that details from travel accounts were re-used in
texts with the way the same information was handled in the composition of maps. Finally, by analysis of the ways eyewitness accounts of the Indies were re-used in
certain ambiguous and comic texts produced in this period, the thesis sheds light on an underexplored aspect of the reception both of eyewitness information and of the
genres in which it appeared. The appendices contain tables presenting information relative to the manuscripts discussed that support the arguments presented in section
two
The view from the backbench : Irish Nationalist MPs and their work, 1910-1914
Get PDFAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN065144 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
