370 research outputs found
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer tissues have increased base excision repair capacity
No full textThe molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of bladder cancer (BC) are complex and have not been fully elucidated. Alterations in base excision repair (BER) capacity, one of several DNA repair mechanisms assigned to preserving genome integrity, have been reported to influence cancer susceptibility, recurrence, and progression, as well as responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We report herein that non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) tissues exhibit increased uracil incision, abasic endonuclease and gap-filling activities, as well as total BER capacity in comparison to normal bladder tissue from the same patient (p<0.05). No significant difference was detected in 8-oxoG incision activity between cancer and normal tissues. NMIBC tissues have elevated protein levels of uracil DNA glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease 1 and DNA polymerase beta protein. Moreover, the fold increase in total BER and the individual BER enzyme activities were greater in high-grade tissues than in low-grade NMIBC tissues. These findings suggest that enhanced BER activity may play a role in the etiology of NMIBC and that BER proteins could serve as biomarkers in disease prognosis, progression or response to genotoxic therapeutics, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.Muftuoglu, M (corresponding author), Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar Univ, Dept Med Biotechnol, TR-34752 Istanbul, Turkey ; Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, TR-34752 Istanbul, Turkey.
[email protected]
The Functional Analysis of the German Translation of Orhan Pamuk's the White Castle
No full textBu çalışmada, C. Nord’un işlevsel çeviri kuramı aracılığı ile Orhan Pamuk’un Beyaz Kale başlıklı romanının Almanca çevirisi incelenmektedir. İncelemede, işlevsel metin ögelerinin tespit edilmesiyle, çeviri öncesi metin çözümlemesine örnek gösterilmeye, çeviride gözetilmesi gereken işlevsel etmenlere dikkat çekilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bilindiği üzere, yazınsal metinlerin başlıca özellikleri arasında, çok katmanlılık gelmektedir. Her okumada farklı yorumlara açık olan yazınsal yapıtlar, dil, biçem, toplumsal alt yapı, tarihsel bağlam, yazarın çağırısı ve/ veya amacı, hedef kitlesi, metinlerarasılık vb. farklı katmanlardan oluşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla çeviri öncesinde bu farklı katmanların, olanakların el verdiği ölçüde incelenmesi, amaç ve işlev bakımından hedef kitleye ve çeviri amacına uygun bir çevirinin yapılması için yadsınamaz bir öneme sahiptir. Bu noktadan hareketle, başta yazınsal çeviri edimine, sonra da çeviribilimine katkı sağlaması amacıyla, Nord’un Vermeer /Reiss’in metin türü odaklı ve metin işlevine yönelik çeviri kuramına dayanarak geliştirdiği, işlevsel çeviri kuramı, Pamuk’un yukarıda sözü edilen romanının Almanca çevirisi örneğinde uygulanmaya çalışılmıştır. İşlevsellik kuramına dayalı metin ve çeviri çözümlemesinde, metinde kullanılan işlevsel metin ögeleri tespit edildikten sonra, bunların metin içindeki görevleri yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Yorumlama süreci, bir bakıma her çevirmenin çeviri edimi sırasında gerçekleştirdiği bilişsel sürecin bir göstergesidir. Bunu takiben, var olan bilgilerin arttırılmasına yönelik inceleme ve araştırmalar yapılmalı, metin hakkında metin içi ve dışı bilgiler genişletilmelidir. Bu görüş çeviride yaratıcılık ve bilişsel süreçler üzerinde çalışan P. Kussmaul (1994) tarafından da benimsenmiştir. Koşut olarak başvurulması gereken bir diğer yöntem de, çoklu okuma yoluyla, daha önce tespit edilemeyen ögelerin taranmasıdır. Ancak, söz konusu bu ön çalışmalar tamamlandıktan sonra, ilgili ögelerin metinde taranması ve saptanması mümkündür. İşlevsellik ögeleri başlığı altında incelenen metinsel etmenler, başta çağrı görevi olmak üzere, yazarın kaynak dil metnine yüklemeye çalıştığı, bir bakıma okuyuculara seslenmek üzere kullandığı dil kullanımlarıdır. Bunlar çevirbiliminde “Lasswell-Denklemi” olarak tanınan formül ile ifade edilmektedirler. Bir sonraki adım, kaynak metinde taranan ve tespit edilen ögelerin, amaç metninde incelenerek, gözetilip gözetilmediklerinin saptanmasıdır. Saptanan işlevsel metin ögelerinin çeviride gözetilmiş olması durumunda, ögenin taşıdığı işlev, işlevin metin için önemi ve çeviride ne ölçüde yerine geldiği incelenmiştir. İşlevsel örtüşmenin gözlemlenmediği durumlarda, işlevin amaç dil metninde nasıl belirgin biçimde gösterilebileceğine dair öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İşlevsel ögenin çeviride bütünüyle eksik olması durumunda ise, yine çözüm önerileri üretilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma doğrudan eleştiri amacı taşımamakta, yazınsal metinlerin çevirisinde işlevselliğin gözetilmesi konusunda bir yöntem örneği denemesi sunmaktadır.This study examines the German translation of Orhan Pamuk& #8217; s novel entitled Beyaz Kale (The White Castle) through Nord& #8217; s functional translation theory; and, determining the components of the functional text, it attempts to illustrate a text analysis before translation and draw attention to the functional elements required in a translation. As it is known, being multi-layered is among the main features of literary texts. Literary texts, open to different interpretations every time they are read, consist of various layers such as language, style, social structure (infrastructure), historical context, author& #8217; s message or aim, target readers, and intertextuality. Consequently, before translation, the examination of these layers is undeniably important for a translation suitable for target readers in terms of the translation& #8217; s aim and function. Accordingly, in order to contribute first to literary translation activity and then to the science of translation, this study attempts to apply Nord& #8217; s functional translation theory, which she has built on Vermeer/ Reiss& #8217; translation theory focusing on text type and aiming for text function, to the German translation of Orhan Pamuk& #8217; s Beyaz Kale. In the analysis and translation of the texts based on the theory of functionality, after the designation of the functional constituents used in the text in question, attempts have been made to comment on their roles in the text. The process of interpretation is, in a way, the indication of a cognitive process realised by each translator in the course of translation. Subsequent studies and researches must be done to enrich the existing data and the textual data both inside and outside the text must be broadened. This point of view has also been adopted by P. Kussmaul (1994), who has worked on creativity and cognitive processes in the translation. Correspondingly, another method to be used is to scan for elements unnoticed before through repetitive reading. Only after the completion of these preliminaries under discussion is it possible to scan and reveal the related textual elements. The textual constituents examined under the title of functionality components are the expressions, mainly functions of message, which the author tries to charge to the text in source language, used in a way by the author to address readers. These are expressed by the formula known as Lasswell-Equation in the science of translation. The next step is to determine, by means of their examination in the target text, whether the elements scanned and revealed in the source text have been taken into consideration or not. If they are taken into consideration in the translation, the functions that the elements bear, their significance for the text and to what extent it has been reflected in the text have been studied. In cases of the lack of functional coherence, suggestions have been made about how the function can be explicitly shown in the target language text and proposals have been made for solution when there is not a functional element in the translation at all. This paper has no direct critical purpose, but it is an attempt to suggest another method concerning the fact that functionality must be taken into consideration in the translation of literary texts
Effect of Different Exercise Modalities on Type 2 Diabetes in Rat: Continuous Versus Weekend Warrior Exercises
No full textAn example of novel and cinema interaction in terms of narratics: Fikrimin ince gülü ve sari mercedes
No full textSinema dilinin oluşumunda edebiyatın özellikle de roman türünün etkisi büyüktür. Edebiyat da sinemanın olanaklarından yararlanmayı bilen bir sanat dalı olmuştur. Tarih içerisinde sinema ve edebiyat ilişkisi ayrıcalıklı bir yer tutmaktadır. Birçok öykü, oyun özellikle de roman sinemaya uyarlanmıştır. Bu uyarlamalardan genellikle esere sadık kalınması beklenilmiştir. Türk edebiyatında önemli bir yere sahip olan Adalet Ağaoğlu (1929-2020), roman, öykü ve oyun türlerinde eserler vermiş bir yazardır. Aydın kimliğini ön planda tutarak Türkiye'nin değişik dönemlerini ve bu dönemlerin insan hayatına etkisini yansıtan yapıtlar ortaya koymuştur. "Fikrimin İnce Gülü," yazarın sinemaya uyarlanmış tek eseridir ve bu roman modern anlatım teknikleri ile örüldüğünden filme dönüştürülmeye oldukça uygundur. Bu tezde, roman-sinema etkileşimi ve romanın filme nasıl dönüştürüldüğü ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. "Fikrimin İnce Gülü" romanı ve "Sarı Mercedes" filmindeki anlatı teknikleri, anlatı zamanının düzeni, anlatı hızı, anlatıdaki tekrarlar, odaklanma, anlatıcı değişimleri incelenerek anlatıbiliminin kuramsal yaklaşımından yararlanılmıştır. Gérard Genette'in "Anlatının Söylemi" adlı kitabı, bu tezdeki önemli kaynaklardan biri olmuştur. Zaman ve Anlatıcı kategorisinin alt başlıkları da bu kitaptan alınmıştır. Mekân incelemesi için de Bahar Dervişcemaloğlu'nun "Anlatıbilime Giriş" adlı kitabından yararlanılmıştır. Bu tezde, Adalet Ağaoğlu'nun "Fikrimin İnce Gülü" (1976) romanı ve Tunç Okan'ın "Sarı Mercedes" adıyla 1993 yılında sinemaya uyarladığı filmden hareket edilmiştir. Ağaoğlu'nun romanının sinemasal açıdan tam bir "tuzak" olduğunun; perdeye yansıdığında bağlamının değiştiğinin sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Anlatıbilim, Adalet Ağaoğlu, Fikrimin İnce Gülü, Sarı Mercedes, Anlatıbiliminin Kuramsal YaklaşımıLiterature, especially the novel genre, has a great influence on the formation of the language of cinema. Literature has also become a branch of art that knows how to take advantage of the possibilities of cinema. The relationship between cinema and literature has a privileged place in history. Many stories, plays, especially novels, have been adapted to the cinema. These adaptations were generally expected to be faithful to the work. Adalet Agaoglu (1929-2020), who has an important place in Turkish literature, is an author who has written works in the genres of novels, stories and plays. By keeping the intellectual identity in the foreground, he produced works that reflect different periods of Turkey and the effects of these periods on human life. My Fikrimin Ince Gulu is the author's only work that has been adapted for cinema, and since this novel is woven with modern narrative techniques, it is quite suitable for making a movie. In this thesis, it has been tried to reveal the novel-cinema interaction and how the novel is transformed into a movie. The theoretical approach of narratology was used by examining the narrative techniques, the order of the narrative time, the speed of the narrative, the repetitions in the narrative, the focus, the narrator changes in the novel "Fikrimin Ince Gulu" and the movie Sarı Mercedes. Gérard Genette's book "The Discourse of Narrative" has been one of the important sources in this thesis. The subtitles of the Time and Narrator category are also taken from this book. For the space analysis, Bahar Dervişcemaloğlu's book, Anlatıbilime Giris, was used. In this thesis, the novel Fikrimin Ince Gulu (1976) by Adalet Agaoglu and the movie adapted to the cinema by Tunc Okan under the name of 'Sarı Mercedes'in 1993 are based on. Agaoglu's novel is a complete 'trap' in terms of cinema; It has been concluded that when it is reflected on the screen, its context changes. Key Words: Narratology, Adalet Ağaoğlu, Fikrimin İnce Gülü, Sarı Mercedes, The Theoretical Approach of Narratolog
A Rare Tumor of the Face: Malignant Nodular Hidradenoma with Dermoscopic Features Mimicking Amelanotic Melanoma
No full textA Detailed Stylometric Investigation of the İnce
No full textWe analyze four İnce Memed novels of Yaşar Kemal using six style markers: “most frequent words,” “syllable counts, ” “word type-or part of speech- information, ” “sentence length in terms of words, ” “word length in text, ” and “word length in vocabulary. ” For analysis we divide each novel into five thousand word text blocks and count the frequencies of each style marker in these blocks. The principal component analysis results show clear separation between the first two and the last two volumes; the blocks of the first two novels are also distinguishable from each other. The blocks of the last two volumes are intermixed. This parallels the fact that the author planned the last two volumes as three separate novels, but later condensed them into two. The style markers showing the best separation are “most frequent words ” and “sentence length”. We use stepwise discriminant analysis to determine the best discriminators of each style marker and then use them in cross validation. The related results concur with the principal component analysis results. For example, the cross validation results obtained by “most frequent words ” and “sentence length, ” respectively, provide 87 % and 81 % correct classification of the text blocks to their corresponding volumes. Further investigation based on multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) reveals how the attributes of each style marker group distinguish among the volumes
Determinants of cross-country income inequality : an augmented Kuznets hypothesis
No full textWhy does income inequality differ among countries? Using a sample of 80 countries from the 1980s, the author shows that two types of factors explain variations in income inequality. The first are factors that are, in the short term, independent of economic policies and are included in the standard formulation of the Kuznets'curve: the level of per capita income and the country's regional heterogeneity. From the viewpoint of economic policy, these are"given"factors, resulting in a"given inequality."The second group of factors are the social-choice factors reflected in the sizeof social transfers and of state sector employment, both of which reduce inequality. For this sample, the reduction amounts to about a quarter of"given"inequality. The importance of social-choice factors rises as the level of income rises. The divergence between actual inequality and the inequality predicted by the standard Kuznets'curve therefore systematically widens as a society develops. This discrepancy is systematic, the author contends. Inequality in richer societies decreases not only because of economic factors but also because societies choose less inequalities as they grow richer.Inequality,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Safety Nets and Transfers
Broadband Trailing-Edge Noise Reduction Using Permeable Metal Foams
No full textAircraft Noise and Climate EffectsWind EnergyNovel Aerospace Material
t-closure operators
No full textINCE, MEHMET AKIF/0000-0002-8146-5509In this study, based on the knowledge of the existence of t-norms on an arbitrary given bounded lattice, we introduce t-closure operators with the help of a t-norm on the lattice and a subset of the lattice including the top element. We define two equivalence relations by using t-closure operators. the first one is on the set of all t-norms on a bounded lattice. An important class is obtained according to this relation. We define a partially order on the set of all equivalent relations given as secondly. Further, we define a set, denoted by , and by using this set, we investigate under which conditions L can be embedded into . We obtain a topology by using t-closure operators and examine some properties of this topology. Lastly, we generalize partial order.Recep Tayyip Erdogan UniversityRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [FBA-2016-603]The first author was supported by grants from the research fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, project number: FBA-2016-603
- …
