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Tarbijate ja teenusepakkujate õiguste tasakaalustamine elektrooniliste tarbijalaenude pakkumisel Eestis
Get PDFVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Käesoleva uurimuse eesmärgiks on otsida kinnitust väidetele, et elektrooniliste laenudega seotud ettemaksukaartide pakkumisel säilib tarbijakaitse tase; et elektrooniliste tarbijalaenude reguleerimisel Eestis on tarbijakaitse ja ettevõtlusvabaduse tasakaalustamise peamisteks kitsaskohtadeks klientide tuvastamise nõuded ja krediidi kulukuse määrale ülempiiri seadmine; ja et krediidi kulukuse määra piiramine riivab ülemääraselt teenusepakkujate põhiseadusega kaitstud ettevõtlusvabadusõigust.
Laenuga kombineeritud ettemaksukaarti peaks õiguslikult käsitlema kui e-raha. Elektrooniliste laenude muutmine veelgi innovaatilisemaks nende kombineerimise kaudu ettemaksukaartidega kätkeb endas täiendavaid riske, kuid kuna sellega kaasnevad ka täiendavad avalik-õiguslikud piirangud kaardi väljastajatele kui reguleeritud ettevõtjatele, siis tarbijakaitse tase ei halvene.
Kliendi isiku tuvastamise nõuete osas vaadati kohustust tuvastada esmakordselt ärisuhte loomisel kliendi isik viibides kliendiga samas kohas algselt kui ebamõistlikku takistust teenuste pakkumise vabadusele: see nõue kehtestati rahapesu ja terrorismi rahastamise tõkestamise eesmärgil, samas kui väikesemahulised tarbijalaenud ei ole rahapesu- või terrorismi rahastamise riskiga tehingud. Jätkuanalüüs näitas aga, et vajadus vältida anonüümsust ja nende ohtlike kuritegude riski ning kaitsta kaasnevat suurt avalikku huvi õigustab äritegevuse iseloomust sõltumatult isikute õiguste piiramist. Seega on vahetu isikutuvastamise nõue proportsionaalne.
Elektrooniliste tarbijalaenude valdkonnas kohaldatavatest olulisematest tarbijakaitsemeetmetest on krediidi kulukuse määra piiramine peamiseks kitsaskohaks, sest sisaldab tõendamiskoormuse ümberpööramist: kui laenuandja pakub laenu kõrgema krediidi kulukuse määraga kui etteantud ülempiir ja laenusaaja lepingu vaidlustab, siis peab laenuandja tõendama, et leping ei ole sõlmitud vastuolus heade kommetega ega seetõttu tühine. Üheks lähtekohaks laenuandja tõendamiskoormuse ulatuse määratlemisel võiks olla tuginemine mõistlikkuse ja tõhususe põhimõtetele. Vastavalt võiks laenuandjalt oodata, et ta tuvastaks hoolikalt laenusaaja profiili, selgitaks välja tema arusaamise ja tahte tehingu tegemiseks ning veenduks tema maksevõimes.
Teenusepakkujale seatud ulatuslik, aga selgelt määratlemata tõendamiskoormus on tekitanud arutelu krediidi kulukuse piirangu võimalikust vastuolust põhiseadusega. Piirang riivab ebaproportsionaalselt teenusepakkujate põhiseadusega kaitstud ettevõtlusvabadusõigust. Esiteks, piiratakse sellega teenusepakkujate sissetulekut, vähendades seeläbi ettevõtlusvabadusõiguse majanduslikult mõistliku teostamise võimalust. Teiseks võib ettevõtlusvabadusõiguse teostamise piiramine mõjutada SMS-laenude parameetreid, vähendades teenuse tarbijasõbralikkust ja seeläbi kaudselt piirata tarbijate lepinguvabadust. Viimaseks, vastutustundliku laenuandmise põhimõtte kõrval peaks elektrooniliste tarbijalaenude keskseteks põhimõteteks olema ka vastutustundlik laenuvõtmine ja teadlikud tarbijaotsused, mis võimaldavad informeeritud tarbijatel kanda täit vastutust oma otsuste eest. Krediidi kulukuse piiramise asemel võiks pidada kohasemaks kõrgeid tarbijate teavitamise, olulise info avalikustamise ning vastutustundliku turundamise nõudeid, mis samas loovad eelduse vastutustundliku laenuvõtmise realiseerumiseks.The research contained in this dissertation aims at proving that consumer protection is maintained in the provision of loan-linked prepaid card services; that the requirements for client identification and limiting the annual percentage rate of charge (APRC) are the major bottlenecks in balancing the protection of consumers and entrepreneurship freedom in the regulation of electronic retail lending in Estonia; and that the APRC limit disproportionately restricts the constitutional rights of service providers.
Loan-linked prepaid cards should be treated as e-money. The provision of electronic retail lending services in combination with prepaid cards does not deteriorate the level of consumer protection because of public law restrictions applicable to the card issuers as supervised regulated entities.
When customer identification in electronic retail lending is regarded, the requirement of face to face identification of first-time customers was initially considered as an unreasonable obstacle to the provision of electronic lending services: these rules aim at preventing money laundering and terrorist financing while small-scale retail loans contain no potential for such crimes. However, the follow-up analysis showed that the need for preventing anonymity and the risk of such dangerous crimes together with protecting great public interest would justify limiting the rights of persons regardless the nature of their business and therefore such identification rules are proportionate.
The APRC limit is a major bottleneck among major consumer protection measures because it assumes the reverse burden of proof: in case the APRC of a loan agreement exceeds the legal limit and a borrower argues that the agreement is contrary to good morals, a lender is obliged to prove that it is not. The scope of proof is wide and undefined. One of the starting points for identifying the scope of the lender’s burden of proof is basing it on the principles of reasonableness and effectiveness. Respectively, the lender should properly identify the borrower’s profile, repayment ability and ensure the understanding and willingness of the borrower with regard to the agreement.
The undefined wide scope of the obligation of proof facilitates a discussion of potential constitutional non-compliance of the APRC limit. The limit disproportionately restricts the fundamental right of entrepreneurship freedom of service providers. First, the APRC limit sets constraints to the income level of service providers, thereby decreasing economically reasonable exercise of entrepreneurship freedom. Secondly, through limiting the exercise of entrepreneurship freedom the APRC limit might influence the parameters of SMS lending, decreasing consumer-friendliness of the service and thereby indirectly restricting the contractual freedom of consumers. Finally, in parallel to responsible lending, responsible borrowing and well-informed consumer decisions should be the core of electronic retail lending, enabling the sufficiently informed consumers to bear full responsibility for their decisions. Instead of limiting the cost of credit, high information, disclosure and prudent marketing requirements should be considered more appropriate
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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