1,720,952 research outputs found
Comparison of the articulation patterns of stuttering and nonstuttering subjects using real-time magnetic resonance imaging
No full textThe original neurogenic non-syndromic stuttering begins in early childhood and can persist into adulthood. Its characteristic symptoms are repetition of sounds and syllables, prolongation of sounds, blocking and a variety of accompanying symptoms. Its average prevalence is about 1%. Its average incidence is about 5%. Spontaneous remission is observed in about 75% of all children who stutter an girls recover more often than boys. Early identification increases the chances of successful therapy. Stuttering modification, fluency shaping and the Lidcombe program are considered to be effective therapy methods.
The present research investigated stuttering speech according to the hypotheses 1) that altered articulator movement sequences are likely during stuttering, 2) that these movement deviations are related to specific stuttering symptoms, and 3) that these conspicuous movement patterns are not found in fluent speaking control subjects. The snapshot-flash technique used by Jens Frahm and colleagues from Göttingen displayed the articulation of fluent speakers and stuttering speakers in real time and enabled the author to make a descriptive comparison of the two groups.
The adults who stuttered and the control subjects were critically examined according to predefined objective criteria. A total of nine stuttering adults were examined during stuttering speech. After excluding two subjects, the control group comprised 14 fluent speakers. None of the fluent speakers stuttered. The analysis focused on the pseudoword “gakscheitideuk”, which contained velar, alveolar and postalveolar sounds that enabled an analysis of internal articulators with a focus on the tongue and soft palate. The first step was to analyze the control subjects´ fluent speech in text form, which gave the author a basic understanding of the articulatory movements. Then the pseudoword was analyzed in 54 stuttered runs with the help of previously defined coding levels. This was followed by a tabular evaluation of the analysis, as well as the determination of the tremor frequency of certain articulation movements and the statistical analysis, using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis.
Within the stuttering speech of stuttering subjects, the stuttering symptoms repetition and silent block were evident. During their articulation, more stuttering adults showed only silent blocks or a combination of silent blocks and repetitions and only two stuttering adults showed only repetitions. In comparison, the articulators of stuttering adults clearly showed deviations from the normal speech flow of fluent speakers. The stuttering was characterized by movement patterns which were not found in the four randomly selected fluent speakers. These deviations could be divided into 3 main categories: (1) isometric movements, (2) tremor and (3) dystonia. All three forms of the classic movement disorder, namely hyperkinesis, hypokinesia and dystonia, were found. The tremor was characterized by repetitive movements of the tongue with an average frequency of 6.0 +/- 2.3 Hz. During the analysis, it became clear that several movement patterns can occur within one stuttering symptom. On the one hand, the individual movement patterns can be observed with different stuttering symptoms. There were hypokinetic movement segments that led to a standstill of the movement and to an interruption of speech. There was a higher chance of their occurrence if the articulated stuttering symptom was a silent block as opposed to a repetition. On the other hand, the odds ratio of being able to observe repetitive movements in a stuttering subject was higher if he articulated the stuttering symptom repetition. In addition, changes in the shape of the tip of the tongue were observed, which resembled dystonic movements and could be due to insufficient environmental inhibition, previously described in a study as reduced intracortical inhibition in stutterers.
As the research presented here shows, ultimately only an intensive examination of stuttering speech itself can lead to an understanding of the moments and progression of stuttering. One of the worlds largest data sets of stuttering speech in the form of real-time MRI video sequences as the basis of this research has given an unprecedented insight into the dynamic process of speech production in stutterers. The author´s research leads to results that are consistent with an even go far beyond previous findings on the impairment of speech motor initiation in stutterers. It can be clearly shown that stuttering speakers differ in their articulatory movements from those of fluent speakers. The present research thus expands our understanding of stuttering speech by shedding light on the neurogenetic component of stuttering and by making a substantial contribution to the classification of developmental stuttering as a movement disorder.2026-01-0
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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