27 research outputs found
Architecture of a mammalian glomerular domain revealed by novel volume electroporation using nanoengineered microelectrodes
No full textDense microcircuit reconstruction techniques have begun to provide ultrafine insight into the architecture of small-scale networks. However, identifying the totality of cells belonging to such neuronal modules, the “inputs” and “outputs,” remains a major challenge. Here, we present the development of nanoengineered electroporation microelectrodes (NEMs) for comprehensive manipulation of a substantial volume of neuronal tissue. Combining finite element modeling and focused ion beam milling, NEMs permit substantially higher stimulation intensities compared to conventional glass capillaries, allowing for larger volumes configurable to the geometry of the target circuit. We apply NEMs to achieve near-complete labeling of the neuronal network associated with a genetically identified olfactory glomerulus. This allows us to detect sparse higher-order features of the wiring architecture that are inaccessible to statistical labeling approaches. Thus, NEM labeling provides crucial complementary information to dense circuit reconstruction techniques. Relying solely on targeting an electrode to the region of interest and passive biophysical properties largely common across cell types, this can easily be employed anywhere in the CNS
A methionine aminopeptidase and putative regulator of translation initiation is required for cell growth and patterning in Drosophila
No full textThe genetics of visual system development in Drosophila: specification, connectivity and asymmetry
No full textMice lacking the synaptic adhesion molecule Neph2/Kirrel3 display moderate hyperactivity and defective novel object preference
No full textSynaptic adhesion molecules regulate diverse aspects of neuronal synapse development, including synapse specificity, formation, and maturation. Neph2, also known as Kirrel3, is an immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule implicated in intellectual disability, neurocognitive delay associated with Jacobsen syndrome, and autism spectrum disorders. We here report mice lacking Neph2 (Neph2-/- mice) display moderate hyperactivity in a familiar, but not novel, environment and defective novel object recognition with normal performances in Morris water maze spatial learning and memory, contextual fear conditioning and extinction, and pattern separation tests. These mice also show normal levels of anxiety-like behaviors, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. At the synapse level, Neph2-/- dentate gyrus granule cells exhibit unaltered dendritic spine density and spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission. These results suggest that Neph2 is important for normal locomotor activity and object recognition memory. © 2015 FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE Choi, Han, Cutforth, Chung, Park, Lee, Kim, Kim, Choi, Shen and Kim1981sciescopu
Hello from the Other Side: How Autoantibodies Circumvent the Blood–Brain Barrier in Autoimmune Encephalitis
No full textAntibodies against neuronal receptors and synaptic proteins are associated with autoimmune encephalitides (AE) that produce movement and psychiatric disorders. In order to exert their pathological effects on neural circuits, autoantibodies against central nervous system (CNS) targets must gain access to the brain and spinal cord by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a tightly regulated gateway formed by endothelial cells lining CNS blood vessels. To date, the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie autoantibody-triggered encephalitic syndromes are poorly understood, and how autoantibodies breach the barrier remains obscure for almost all AE syndromes. The relative importance of cellular versus humoral immune mechanisms for disease pathogenesis also remains largely unexplored. Here, we review the proposed triggers for various autoimmune encephalopathies and their animal models, as well as basic structural features of the BBB and how they differ among various CNS regions, a feature that likely underlies some regional aspects of autoimmune encephalitis pathogenesis. We then discuss the routes that antibodies and immune cells employ to enter the CNS and their implications for AE. Finally, we explore future therapeutic strategies that may either preserve or restore barrier function and thereby limit immune cell and autoantibody infiltration into the CNS. Recent mechanistic insights into CNS autoantibody entry indicate promising future directions for therapeutic intervention beyond current, short-lived therapies that eliminate circulating autoantibodies
Evaluating physical therapy students' knowledge of and adherence to the ambassador low back pain guideline
No full textPurpose: To examine a process for evaluating physiotherapy (PT) students' knowledge of and adherence to the Ambassador Low Back Pain (LBP) guideline using vignettes. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional survey design. Participants were PT students who had received information related to the guideline as part of their curriculum. Primary measures were responses to questions about the management of four clinical vignettes. Adherence to guideline recommendations was measured by comparing participant scores to a guideline-based set of responses from a physiotherapist involved in developing the Ambassador guideline, which was considered a criterion standard. Results: A total of 74 respondents provided complete data, for a response rate of 89percent; 65 (88percent) reported no knowledge of the guideline. Overall consistency with the criterion standard was high (70percent). Respondents demonstrated high adherence when identifying red flags and deciding whether to refer to another provider. Conclusion: Despite known exposure, knowledge of the guideline was low in this sample of Canadian PT students. Nevertheless, in several key areas, unconscious adherence was high relative to the guidelinebased criterion standard. With minor modifications, the vignettes are suitable for evaluating the Ambassador LBP guidelines in a larger study.Bekkering GE, 2005, QUAL SAF HEALTH CARE, V14, P107, DOI 10.1136-qshc.2003.009357; Bekkering GE, 2003, PHYSIOTHERAPY, V89, P82, DOI DOI 10.1016-S0031-9406(05)60579-2; Bishop Paul B, 2003, Spine J, V3, P442, DOI 10.1016-S1529-9430(03)00152-9; Bishop Paul B, 2006, Spine J, V6, P282, DOI 10.1016-j.spinee.2005.10.008; Cassidy JD, 1998, SPINE, V23, P1860, DOI 10.1097-00007632-199809010-00012; Cutforth G, 2011, PHYSIOTHER CAN, V63, P278, DOI 10.3138-ptc.2009-39P; Di Iorio D, 2000, ARCH FAM MED, V9, P1015, DOI 10.1001-archfami.9.10.1015; Domenech J, 2011, PAIN, V152, P2557, DOI 10.1016-j.pain.2011.07.023; Foster NE, 2011, PHYS THER, V91, P790, DOI 10.2522-ptj.20100326; George SZ, 2011, BMC MED, V9, DOI 10.1186-1741-7015-9-128; Gould D, 1996, J CLIN NURS, V5, P207, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2702.1996.tb00253.x; GRIMSHAW J, KNOWLEDGE SYNTHESIS; Grol R, 2003, LANCET, V362, P1225, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(03)14546-1; Gross DP, 2006, SPINE, V31, P2142, DOI 10.1097-01.brs.0000231771.14965.e4; Gross DP, 2009, DISABIL REHABIL, V31, P871, DOI [10.1080-01443610802355965, 10.1080-014413610802355965]; Harman K, 2009, PHYSIOTH CAN, V61, P88, DOI 10.3138-physio.61.2.88; Harstall C, 2011, J EVAL CLIN PRACT, V17, P693, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2753.2010.01420.x; Hay EM, 2008, BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS, V9, DOI 10.1186-1471-2474-9-58; Hayden JA, 2009, J CLIN EPIDEMIOL, V62, P781, DOI 10.1016-j.jclinepi.2008.09.004; Hayden JA, 2010, BEST PRACT RES CL RH, V24, P167, DOI 10.1016-j.berh.2009.12.005; Hill JC, 2011, LANCET, V378, P1560, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(11)60937-9; Hill JC, 2010, EUR J PAIN, V14, P83, DOI 10.1016-j.ejpain.2009.01.003; Hockings RL, 2008, SPINE, V33, pE494, DOI 10.1097-BRS.0b013e31817ba3bb; Ikezawa Y, 2010, J OCCUP REHABIL, V20, P367, DOI 10.1007-s10926-010-9230-z; Institute of Health Economics, 2009, GUID EV INF PRIM CAR; Koes BW, 2010, EUR SPINE J, V19, P2075, DOI 10.1007-s00586-010-1502-y; Main CJ, 2011, PHYS THER, V91, P820, DOI 10.2522-ptj.20110060; Peabody JW, 2000, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V283, P1715, DOI 10.1001-jama.283.13.1715; Peabody JW, 2004, ANN INTERN MED, V141, P771; Poitras S, 2007, J EVAL CLIN PRACT, V13, P412, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2753.2006.00725.x; Poitras S, 2012, SPINE, V37, P1252, DOI 10.1097-BRS.0b013e31824b6adf; Poitras S, 2005, PHYS THER, V85, P1168; Portney LG, 2009, FDN CLIN RES APPL PR; Rainville J, 2000, SPINE, V25, P2210, DOI 10.1097-00007632-200009010-00012; RASHIQ S, 2006, BMC MED EDUC, V6, P1; Rutten G, 2009, J CLIN EPIDEMIOL, V62, P167, DOI 10.1016-j.jclinepi.2008.04.004; Rutten GM, 2010, PHYS THER, V90, P1111, DOI 10.2522-ptj.20090173; Rutten GMJ, 2006, J EVAL CLIN PRACT, V12, P491, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2753.2006.00699.x; Schreiber J, 2005, INTERNET J ALLIED HE, V3, P1; Shah R, 2010, OPHTHAL PHYSL OPT, V30, P209, DOI 10.1111-j.1475-1313.2010.00713.x; Turner Patricia A., 1999, Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, V15, P235, DOI 10.1080-095939899307649; van Tulder MW, 2004, SPINE, V29, pE357, DOI 10.1097-01.brs.0000137056.64166.51; Webster BS, 2005, J GEN INTERN MED, V20, P1132, DOI 10.1111-j.1525-1497.2005.0230.x11
Hello from the Other Side: How Autoantibodies Circumvent the Blood–Brain Barrier in Autoimmune Encephalitis
No full textDissecting the Role of Smooth Muscle Cells versus Pericytes in Regulating Cerebral Blood Flow Using In Vivo Optical Imaging
No full textThe brain regulates blood flow to match energy demand to nutrient supply. In this issue of Neuron, using in vivo optical imaging and optogenetics, Hill et al. (2015) report that arteriolar smooth muscle cells are key players in regulating cerebral blood flow in the healthy state and contribute to the “no reflow” phenomenon after ischemic stroke
Water stress, sap flow and transpiration for medium and highly drought resistant poplars grown in the semiarid Canadian prairie
No full textSap flow was measured to determine transpiration rates for CanAm and Walker poplars grown in the semiarid Canadian prairie. CanAm poplars had higher sap flow rates and were better able to supply water to actively growing regions for all water availabilities (well-watered to drought). CanAm poplars were better able to survive drought.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
