1,720,959 research outputs found
Quantitative Auswertung von Lesegeschwindigkeit und Fehlerquote bei der Interpretation von visuellen Inhalten
Full text linkStatische Visualisierungen wie beispielsweise Diagramme, Landkarten oder Zeichnungen spielen heutzutage eine immer größere Rolle im täglichen Leben. Daher ist es wichtig herauszufinden, wie hilfreich sie wirklich sind - besonders im Vergleich zu Texten. Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob Visualisierungen oder Texte schneller von Menschen erfasst werden können, und welche Darstellungsform im Besonderen besser verständlich ist. Zu diesem Zweck führten wir eine explorative Studie durch, in der Verarbeitungszeit und Fehlerrate bei der Interpretation von Texten und Visualisierungen gemessen wurden. Durch eine Vorstudie, bei der die Testpersonen jeweils vier Visualisierungen in ihren eigenen Worten beschreiben mussten, fanden wir heraus, worauf Leute in Visualisierungen am meisten achten. In den beschreibenden Texten der Testpersonen lag der Fokus einerseits auf Extremwerten der Visualisierungen, andererseits aber auch auf interessanten anderen Werten, die keine Extremwerte darstellten. Darüber hinaus wurden in den Texten oft verschiedene Werte verglichen um die Visualisierung zu beschreiben. Durch diese Erkenntnisse aus der ersten Studie konnten wir die Texte für unsere darauffolgende vergleichende Studie bestmöglich verfassen. Für die eigentliche explorative Studie zum Erfassen von Verarbeitungszeit und Fehlerrate im Interpretieren von visuellen Inhalten verwendeten wir 15 Visualisierungen und Texte, die jeweils die gleichen Informationen enthielten. Jede Testperson erhielt mindestens sechs Aufgaben, davon mindestens drei Visualisierungen und drei Texte, zu denen die Testperson jeweils drei Fragen beantworten musste. Während der Bearbeitung der Beispiele wurde die Zeit gemessen. Ein interessantes Ergebnis war, dass die Testpersonen beim Bearbeiten von Aufgaben mit Visualisierungen durchschnittlich um etwa 1,3 mal schneller waren als mit Texten. Dabei handelt es sich um einen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied. Allerdings konnten wir keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Fehlerrate zwischen Aufgabenmit Texten und Aufgaben mit Visualisierungen feststellen. Außerdem stellten wir bei den Beispielen mit Texten Korrelationen zwischen Textlänge und Bearbeitungsgeschwindigkeit sowie Textlänge und Fehlerrate fest. Wir konnten keinen Einfluss der Inhalte der Visualisierungen und Texte auf die Geschwindigkeit oder Fehlerrate feststellen. Allerdings fanden wir Fälle, in denen Beispiele mit Visualisierungen um mehr als 50 % schneller bearbeitet wurden als die dazugehörigen Texte. Unsere Ergebnisse bieten nun eine solide Basis zur Definition weiterer Hypothesen hinsichtlich der Lesbarkeit von Visualisierungen im Vergleich zu Text. In dieser Arbeit präsentieren wir die finalen Hypothesen, welche aus unserer explorativen Studie hervorgehen. Wir betrachten diese als äußerst interessant für die Visualisierungsforschung, da viel darauf hindeutet, dass visuelle Informationen schneller verarbeitet werden können als Text. Wobei hier durchaus zu erwähnen ist, dass die tatsächliche Leistungssteigerung weitaus geringer sein dürfte als in den Medien oft behauptet wurde (z.B. `60.000 mal schneller als Text'). Außerdem deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass hinsichtlich der Fehlerquote bei der Beantwortung abschließender Fragen keine wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen visuellen Informationen und Texten festgestellt werden können.As static visualizations like diagrams, maps, charts, or drawings get more and more important in everyday life, it is crucial to find out how helpful they actually are, especially in comparison to text. This diploma thesis outlines if visualizations or texts are processed faster by humans and which representation is better comprehensible. For this purpose, we conducted an exploratory study in which we measured processing times and error rates when interpreting either texts or visualizations. In a pre-study, in which each participant had to describe four visualizations in their own words, we found out which parts of a visualization are deemed most important by people. The focus of the participants was on extrema, as well as on certain other values. Furthermore, the participants often compared different values in order to describe the visualization. The pre-study gave us valuable insights which we used for writing the texts for our study. For our exploratory study, where we wanted to find out more about whether visualizations or text can be interpreted more easily, we used 15 visualizations and texts that contained the same information. Each participant had to work on at least six topics, thereof at least three by using visualizations and three by using texts, and had to answer three questions per topic at the end. The time was measured while the participants worked on the topics.We could see that the participants solved topics by using visualizations on average about 1.3 times faster as compared to when they used texts. This difference was statistically significant. We could not find significant differences between the error rates for topics, when participants used visualizations or texts. When texts were used, we found correlations between text lengths and processing speeds, as well as text lengths and error rates. The content of visualizations or texts did not seem to play a role for processing speed or error rates. However, we found cases in which topics with visualizations were solved more than 50 % faster as compared to topics with texts. Our results provide a solid basis for defining further hypotheses regarding the readability of visualizations compared to text. In this thesis, we present the final hypotheses that emerge from our exploratory study. We consider these to be extremely interesting for visualization research, as there is much evidence that visual information can be processed faster than text. Whereby it is worth mentioning that the actual increase in performance may be much lower than often claimed in the media (e.g. `60,000 times faster than text'). Furthermore, our results indicate that no significant differences can be found between visual information and text with regard to the error rate in answering final questions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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