1,720,965 research outputs found
Presynaptic regulators in memory formation
No full textThe intricate molecular and structural sequences guiding the formation and consolidation of memories within neuronal circuits remain largely elusive. In this study, we investigate the roles of two pivotal presynaptic regulators, the small GTPase Rab3, enriched at synaptic vesicles, and the cell adhesion protein Neurexin-1, in the formation of distinct memory phases within the Drosophila mushroom body Kenyon cells. Our findings suggest that both proteins play crucial roles in memory-supporting processes within the presynaptic terminal, operating within distinct plasticity modules. These modules likely encompass remodeling and maturation of existing active zones (AZs), as well as the formation of new AZs
Editorial: Invertebrate brains as model systems for learning, memory, and recall: development, anatomy and function of memory systems
Full text linkTransient active zone remodeling in the Drosophila mushroom body supports memory
No full textElucidating how the distinct components of synaptic plasticity dynamically orchestrate the distinct stages of memory acquisition and maintenance within neuronal networks remains a major challenge. Specifically, plasticity processes tuning the functional and also structural state of presynaptic active zone (AZ) release sites are widely observed in vertebrates and invertebrates, but their behavioral relevance remains mostly unclear. We here provide evidence that a transient upregulation of presynaptic AZ release site proteins supports aversive olfactory mid-term memory in the Drosophila mushroom body (MB). Upon paired aversive olfactory conditioning, AZ protein levels (ELKS-family BRP/(m)unc13-family release factor Unc13A) increased for a few hours with MB-lobe-specific dynamics. Kenyon cell (KC, intrinsic MB neurons)-specific knockdown (KD) of BRP did not affect aversive olfactory short-term memory (STM) but strongly suppressed aversive mid-term memory (MTM). Different proteins crucial for the transport of AZ biosynthetic precursors (transport adaptor Aplip1/Jip-1; kinesin motor IMAC/Unc104; small GTPase Arl8) were also specifically required for the formation of aversive olfactory MTM. Consistent with the merely transitory increase of AZ proteins, BRP KD did not interfere with the formation of aversive olfactory long-term memory (LTM; i.e., 1 day). Our data suggest that the remodeling of presynaptic AZ refines the MB circuitry after paired aversive conditioning, over a time window of a few hours, to display aversive olfactory memories
Enhanced memory despite severe sleep loss in Drosophila insomniac mutants.
No full textSleep is crucial for cognitive functions and life span across species. While sleep homeostasis and cognitive processes are linked through cellular and synaptic plasticity, the signaling pathways connecting them remain unclear. Here, we show that Drosophila insomniac (inc) short sleep mutants, which lack an adaptor protein for the autism-associated Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase, exhibited enhanced Pavlovian aversive olfactory learning and memory, unlike other sleep mutants with normal or reduced memory. Through a genetic modifier screen, we found that a mild reduction of Protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling specifically rescued the sleep and longevity phenotypes of inc mutants. However, this reduction further increased their excessive memory and mushroom body overgrowth. Since inc mutants displayed higher PKA signaling, we propose that inc loss-of-function suppresses sleep via increased PKA activity, which also constrains the excessive memory of inc mutants. Our data identify a signaling cascade for balancing sleep and memory functions, and provide a plausible explanation for the sleep phenotypes of inc mutants, suggesting that memory hyperfunction can provoke sleep deficits
Neuropeptides and Neprilysins : role in memory in Drosophila
No full textAu cours de ma thèse j’ai étudié les néprilysines (Nep), des protéinases connues pour dégrader de petits neuropeptides, en particulier les peptides amyloïdes (Aβ). Lors de la maladie d’Alzheimer, les peptides Aβ s’agrègent pour former des plaques toxiques. Il a été montré que l’expression des Nep module l’effet toxique d’Aβ sur la mémoire chez les modèles murins. Néanmoins, le rôle des Nep dans la mémoire dans des conditions physiologiques reste à ce jour inconnu.La drosophile exprime 4 Nep dans le système nerveux central adulte. Nous avons analysé leur rôle dans la mémoire olfactive. Les 4 Nep sont requises pour 2 phases spécifiques de mémoire: à moyen terme (MTM) et à long terme (LTM). De plus, nous avons identifié les neurones dans lesquels elles sont requises : les Mushroom Bodies (MB) ainsi qu’une paire de neurones afférents, les Dorsal Paired Medial neurons (DPM). Nous avons ensuite cherché à savoir si Aβ était l’une des cibles des Nep. Nous avons montré que l’expression d’Aβ dans les DPM n’altère la MTM que lorsque l’expression de Nep1 est inhibée. De plus, le défaut de LTM de drosophiles exprimant Aβ dans les DPM est sauvé par la surexpression de Nep1. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent qu’Aβ est dégradé par Nep1 au cours des processus de mémorisation, et qu’Aβ est une cible de Nep1 en conditions non pathologiques.Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au neuropeptide amnesiac, décrit comme étant requis pour la mémoire dans les DPM. Nos travaux démontrent qu’amnesiac est en fait requis dans les DPM pour leur développement, et chez l’adulte dans les MB pour activer l’adénylate cyclase responsable de la détection de coïncidence permettant la formation de la MTM.During my PhD, I studied neprilysins, proteinases known to degrade small neuropeptides, in particular mammalian amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). During Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ peptides aggregate to form toxic plaques. It has been shown that neprilysins expression modulates toxic effects of Aβ on memory in murine models of the disease. However, the role of neprilysins in memory under physiological conditions is still unknown. Drosophila expresses 4 neprilysins in the adult central nervous system. First we have analyzed their role in olfactive memory. We have shown that all of them are required for 2 specific memory phases: Middle-Term Memory (MTM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM). We also have identified the neurons in which they are required: the Mushroom Bodies (MB) and a pair of afferent neurons, the Dorsal Paired Medial (DPM) neurons. Then we investigated whether Aβ peptides could be one of the neprilysins’ targets. We have shown that Aβ expression in DPM neurons alters MTM only when Nep1 expression is inhibited. Furthermore, the LTM deficit of flies expressing Aβ in DPM neurons is rescued by Nep1 overexpression. To conclude, our results suggest that Nep1 degrades endogenous Aβ peptides during memory processes, and that Aβ is a physiological target for Nep1 under non-pathological condition.Finally, we became interested in the amnesiac neuropeptide, described as being required for memory in DPM neurons. Our work shows that amnesiac is actually required in DPM neurons for their development, and in the MB of adult flies in order to activate the adenylate cyclase responsible for coincidence detection leading to MTM formation
Neuropeptides et Néprilysines : rôle dans la mémoire chez la Drosophile
Full text linkDuring my PhD, I studied neprilysins, proteinases known to degrade small neuropeptides, in particular mammalian amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). During Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ peptides aggregate to form toxic plaques. It has been shown that neprilysins expression modulates toxic effects of Aβ on memory in murine models of the disease. However, the role of neprilysins in memory under physiological conditions is still unknown. Drosophila expresses 4 neprilysins in the adult central nervous system. First we have analyzed their role in olfactive memory. We have shown that all of them are required for 2 specific memory phases: Middle-Term Memory (MTM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM). We also have identified the neurons in which they are required: the Mushroom Bodies (MB) and a pair of afferent neurons, the Dorsal Paired Medial (DPM) neurons. Then we investigated whether Aβ peptides could be one of the neprilysins’ targets. We have shown that Aβ expression in DPM neurons alters MTM only when Nep1 expression is inhibited. Furthermore, the LTM deficit of flies expressing Aβ in DPM neurons is rescued by Nep1 overexpression. To conclude, our results suggest that Nep1 degrades endogenous Aβ peptides during memory processes, and that Aβ is a physiological target for Nep1 under non-pathological condition.Finally, we became interested in the amnesiac neuropeptide, described as being required for memory in DPM neurons. Our work shows that amnesiac is actually required in DPM neurons for their development, and in the MB of adult flies in order to activate the adenylate cyclase responsible for coincidence detection leading to MTM formation.Au cours de ma thèse j’ai étudié les néprilysines (Nep), des protéinases connues pour dégrader de petits neuropeptides, en particulier les peptides amyloïdes (Aβ). Lors de la maladie d’Alzheimer, les peptides Aβ s’agrègent pour former des plaques toxiques. Il a été montré que l’expression des Nep module l’effet toxique d’Aβ sur la mémoire chez les modèles murins. Néanmoins, le rôle des Nep dans la mémoire dans des conditions physiologiques reste à ce jour inconnu.La drosophile exprime 4 Nep dans le système nerveux central adulte. Nous avons analysé leur rôle dans la mémoire olfactive. Les 4 Nep sont requises pour 2 phases spécifiques de mémoire: à moyen terme (MTM) et à long terme (LTM). De plus, nous avons identifié les neurones dans lesquels elles sont requises : les Mushroom Bodies (MB) ainsi qu’une paire de neurones afférents, les Dorsal Paired Medial neurons (DPM). Nous avons ensuite cherché à savoir si Aβ était l’une des cibles des Nep. Nous avons montré que l’expression d’Aβ dans les DPM n’altère la MTM que lorsque l’expression de Nep1 est inhibée. De plus, le défaut de LTM de drosophiles exprimant Aβ dans les DPM est sauvé par la surexpression de Nep1. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent qu’Aβ est dégradé par Nep1 au cours des processus de mémorisation, et qu’Aβ est une cible de Nep1 en conditions non pathologiques.Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au neuropeptide amnesiac, décrit comme étant requis pour la mémoire dans les DPM. Nos travaux démontrent qu’amnesiac est en fait requis dans les DPM pour leur développement, et chez l’adulte dans les MB pour activer l’adénylate cyclase responsable de la détection de coïncidence permettant la formation de la MTM
Neuropeptides et néprilysines : rôle dans la mémoire chez la drosophile
No full textDuring my PhD, I studied neprilysins, proteinases known to degrade small neuropeptides, in particular mammalian amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). During Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ peptides aggregate to form toxic plaques. It has been shown that neprilysins expression modulates toxic effects of Aβ on memory in murine models of the disease. However, the role of neprilysins in memory under physiological conditions is still unknown. Drosophila expresses 4 neprilysins in the adult central nervous system. First we have analyzed their role in olfactive memory. We have shown that all of them are required for 2 specific memory phases: Middle-Term Memory (MTM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM). We also have identified the neurons in which they are required: the Mushroom Bodies (MB) and a pair of afferent neurons, the Dorsal Paired Medial (DPM) neurons. Then we investigated whether Aβ peptides could be one of the neprilysins’ targets. We have shown that Aβ expression in DPM neurons alters MTM only when Nep1 expression is inhibited. Furthermore, the LTM deficit of flies expressing Aβ in DPM neurons is rescued by Nep1 overexpression. To conclude, our results suggest that Nep1 degrades endogenous Aβ peptides during memory processes, and that Aβ is a physiological target for Nep1 under non-pathological condition.Finally, we became interested in the amnesiac neuropeptide, described as being required for memory in DPM neurons. Our work shows that amnesiac is actually required in DPM neurons for their development, and in the MB of adult flies in order to activate the adenylate cyclase responsible for coincidence detection leading to MTM formation.Au cours de ma thèse j’ai étudié les néprilysines (Nep), des protéinases connues pour dégrader de petits neuropeptides, en particulier les peptides amyloïdes (Aβ). Lors de la maladie d’Alzheimer, les peptides Aβ s’agrègent pour former des plaques toxiques. Il a été montré que l’expression des Nep module l’effet toxique d’Aβ sur la mémoire chez les modèles murins. Néanmoins, le rôle des Nep dans la mémoire dans des conditions physiologiques reste à ce jour inconnu.La drosophile exprime 4 Nep dans le système nerveux central adulte. Nous avons analysé leur rôle dans la mémoire olfactive. Les 4 Nep sont requises pour 2 phases spécifiques de mémoire: à moyen terme (MTM) et à long terme (LTM). De plus, nous avons identifié les neurones dans lesquels elles sont requises : les Mushroom Bodies (MB) ainsi qu’une paire de neurones afférents, les Dorsal Paired Medial neurons (DPM). Nous avons ensuite cherché à savoir si Aβ était l’une des cibles des Nep. Nous avons montré que l’expression d’Aβ dans les DPM n’altère la MTM que lorsque l’expression de Nep1 est inhibée. De plus, le défaut de LTM de drosophiles exprimant Aβ dans les DPM est sauvé par la surexpression de Nep1. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent qu’Aβ est dégradé par Nep1 au cours des processus de mémorisation, et qu’Aβ est une cible de Nep1 en conditions non pathologiques.Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au neuropeptide amnesiac, décrit comme étant requis pour la mémoire dans les DPM. Nos travaux démontrent qu’amnesiac est en fait requis dans les DPM pour leur développement, et chez l’adulte dans les MB pour activer l’adénylate cyclase responsable de la détection de coïncidence permettant la formation de la MTM
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
- …
