1,721,066 research outputs found
Pra-Rancangan Pabrik Pembuatan Antioksidan dari Buah Tomat dengan Menggunkan Solvent Campuran (N- Heksana, Etanol, Aseton) dengan Proses Ekstraksi Dengan Kapasitas 25.000 Ton/Tahun
No full textPembuatan antioksidan dari buah tomat secara umum dikenal dengan
menggunakan proses ekstraksi. Pra-Rancangan Pabrik Pembuatan Antioksidan Dari
Buah Tomat Dengan Menggunakan Solvent Campuran (N- Heksana, Etanol, Aseton)
Dengan Proses Ekstraksi ini direncanakan akan berproduksi dengan kapasitas 25.000
ton/tahun dan beropersi selama 330 hari dalam setahun.
Lokasi pabrik yang direncanakan adalah di daerah Kawasan Industri Medan,
Sumatera Utara dengan luas tanah yang dibutuhkan sebesar 9500 m2
.
Tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan untuk mengoperasikan pabrik sebanyak 204
orang. Bentuk badan usaha yang direncanakan adalah Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dan
bentuk organisasinya adalah organisasi sistem garis.
Hasil analisa terhadap aspek ekonomi pabrik antioksidan dari buah tomat,
adalah :
Modal Investasi : Rp 13.432.831.848.701
Biaya Produksi per tahun : Rp 9.732.069.555.835
Hasil Jual Produk per tahun : Rp. 20.041.509.230.100
Laba Bersih per tahun : Rp 7.577.455.660.585
Profit Margin : 54,01 %
Break Event Point : 27,24 %
Return of Investment : 56,41 %
Pay Out Time : 1,77 tahun
Return on Network : 94,02 %
Internal Rate of Return : 44,11 %
Dari hasil analisa aspek ekonomi dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik pembuatan
likopen ini layak untuk didirikan.180 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pra Rancangan Pabrik Pembuatan Natrium Karbonat dari Natrium Hikdroksida (NaOH) dan Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Menggunakan Metode Karbonasi dengan Kapasitas Produksi 250.000 Ton/Tahun
Full text linkNatrium karbonat merupakan salah satu karbonat yang paling penting dari
semua alkali karbonat. Natrium karbonat dapat dipakai sebagai zat
pendischarge pada pencapan kain poliester. Kandungan natriumnya
menghasilkan sifat peremajaan yang membuatnya penting dalam industri kaca dan
silikat. Natrium karbonat juga biasa digunakan untuk menetralisir asam anorganik
dan organik atau garam asam dan untuk menjaga pH. Natrium karbonat dapat
diproduksi melalui proses Le Blanc, proses Solvay, proses karbonasi dan proses
natural.
Pra Rancangan Pabrik Na2CO3 dari NaOH dan CO2 direncanakan akan
beroperasi dengan kapasitas produksi 250.000 Ton/Tahun dengan 330 hari kerja
dalam setahun. Bentuk badan usaha yang direncanakan adalah Perseroan Terbatas
(PT) dengan jumlah tenaga kerja 178 orang.
1. Hasil analisis aspek ekonomi yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut:
Total Modal Investasi = Rp. 3.663.484.443.000,-
Total Biaya Produksi = Rp.2.139.496.934.000,-
Hasil Penjualan = Rp.3.375.000.000.000,-
Laba Bersih = Rp. 817.340.278.000,-
Profit Margin = 34,59 %
Break Event Point = 29,61 %
Return on Invesment = 22,31 %
Pay Out Time = 4 tahun 4 bulan
Return on Network = 37,18 %
Internal Rate of Return = 47,96 %
Berdasarkan hasil analisis aspek ekonomi, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa
“Pabrik Pembuatan Natrium Karbonat dari Natrium Hidroksida dan Karbon
Dioksida” ini layak untuk didirkan342 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Optimasi Penggunaan Adsorben Molecular Sieve 13X pada Pengering Surya Sistem Integrasi Matahari dan Desikan
No full textThis study aims to determine the effect of the adsorbent mass accretion to the
effectiveness of drying during off-sunshine, determining the value of effective
diffusivity drying cocoa, determine the kinetics model for drying cocoa, knowing the
value of specific energy consumption, and knowing the drying rate. Material used is
fermented cocoa beans. Variable change in this study is the mass of the adsorbent are
0,5 kg, 1 kg, and 1,5 kg. Drying is using solar energy during sunshine hours, start at
9 a.m to 5 p.m. and continued by adsorbent during off-sunshine, start at 5 p.m to 9
a.m. Drying is done if the mass of the cocoa is constant. The best results of this study
are obtained from in comparison mass of the cocoa and absorbent 1 :3. In the off sunshine mass of the cocoa reduce 17% - 22% with a range of RH 56% - 90%.
Effective diffusivity cocoa is in the range 1,11 x 10-10 – 1,38 x 10-10 (m2
/sec). The
most suitable kinetics model for drying cocoa is a Page model. The lowest of specific
energy consumption is 18,58 MJ/kg moist. The average of drying rate is 0,009 kg
H2O/hour/kg dry mass with a moisture content 5,89% and the drying time 27,6
hours.113 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pre-Liminary Factory for Making Citric Acid From Molasses using Process with Submerged Fermentation Unit Production Capacity 32,000 Ton/Year
No full textCitrit acid is one of important organic acidsin human life,because it is quite widely used in the industrial world about 70% of the resulting citric acid is used in food and beverage industry for various purposes, while 12% are used in thr drugindustry and about 18% for other industrial uses. Citric Acid can be produced trough simple extraction, fermentation process using micorganisms adan synthesis prosess. Pre-liminary factory for making citric acid from molasses using process with submerged fermentation unit production capacity 32,000 ton/year with 330 working days a year. The from of a planned busuniss entity is a limitid liabiliti (PT) with the number of workforce of 280 people.
The results of the economic aspect analysis obtained are as follows:
Total Capital Invesment = Rp. 1.915.127.981.435,-
Total Production Cost = Rp.3.917.023.003.499,-
Sales Result = Rp.4.518.138.409.068,-
Net Profit = Rp. 397.692.840.784,-
Profit Margin = 12,57 %
Break Event Point = 22,97 %
Return on Invesment = 20,77 %
Pay Out Time = 4 tahun 9 bulan
Return on Network = 34,6 %
Internal Rate of Return = 43,88 %
Basesd ob the result of economic aspect analysis, it can be concluded that “The Citric Acid Manufacturing Factory Of Molasses” is Worth To be composed479 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Kulit Salak (Salacca Sumatrana) dengan Aktivator Seng Klorida (ZnCl2)
No full textActivated carbon can be made of organic or anorganic materials. Salak peel is a
potential organic material as activated carbon. This research aimed to understand the
optimum condition to produce activated carbon made from salak peel with activating agent
Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2). The method included preparation of raw material, chemical
activation, pyrolysis and iodine value test. The ratios of ZnCl2 are
1: 1⁄2 , 1: 2⁄3 , 1:1 and 1:2 g/g, the activation times are 1, 2 and 3 hours, and the acivation
temperatures are 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 oC. Results showed that the optimum conditions
are at 1:2 ratio of sample- ZnCl2, 550 °C of activation temperature, and 3 hours of activation
time. The highest iodine value was 772,24 mg/g which has passed SNI 1995 with the
minimum value 750 mg/g.74 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Studi Penyisihan Fosfat dan Nitrat Menggunakan Resin Penukar Ion Tulsion A-23 dengan Sistem Fluidised Bed
No full textWater pollution caused by excessive nitrate and phosphate causes eutrophication in aquatic life. The removal of phosphate and nitrate in wastewater is necessary to maintain environmental and human health. This study aimed to know the ability of commercial ion-exchange resin Tulsion A-23 as adsorbent in the removal of phosphate and nitrate from anionic aqueous solutions in fluidised bed experiments. Adsorption studies were performed using columns 3 cm in diameter and 100 cm high with upflow. The variables used in this study were the effect of the initial concentration of phosphate (100-200 mg/l) and nitrate (150-350 mg/l) and bed height (3-9 cm) at a constant flow rate of 50 l/h. The adsorption capacity of removal phosphate and nitrate at height of 9 cm with phosphate concentration of 150 mg/l and nitrate concentration of 250 mg / l was obtained with the greatest adsorption equilibrium (qeq) of 7,909 mg/g P and 14,384 mg/g N. Capacity total adsorption and equilibrium increase with increasing initial concentration and resulting in faster breakhtrough time. Increase bed height results in more efficient removal. The largest phosphate and nitrate removal efficiency at 9 cm height was 29.87% for phosphate and 51.08% for nitrate removal. The breakthrough of Thomas model showed a smaller Ct/C0 ratio in the higher bed. The adsorption capacity decreases along with the bed height increased and results in a longer saturation of Tulsion A-23. The results show that Tulsion A-23 resins are more selective to nitrate removal.Pencemaran air yang disebabkan oleh nitrat dan fosfat dalam jumlah besar dapat menyebabkan
permasalahan yaitu eutrofikasi yang mengancam kehidupan dalam air. Penyisihan fosfat dan nitrat
dalam air limbah perlu dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan lingkungan dan manusia. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan penukar anion komersial yaitu Tulsion A-23 sebagai
adsorben dalam menyisihkan fosfat dan nitrat dari larutan air anionik pada sistem fluidised bed. Studi
adsorpsi dilakukan menggunakan kolom berdiameter 3 cm dan tinggi 100 cm dengan arah aliran
upflow. Variabel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu pengaruh konsentrasi awal fosfat 100 mg/l;
150 mg/l dan 200 mg/l sedangkan nitrat 150 mg/l; 250 mg/l; 350 mg/l dan tinggi unggun 3 cm, 6 cm
dan 9 cm dengan laju alir konstan 50 l/jam. Kapasitas adsorpsi total dan kesetimbangan mengalami
peningkatan seiring dengan semakin besarnya konsentrasi awal dan menyebabkan waktu breakhtrough
resin lebih cepat. Kenaikan tinggi unggun menghasilkan penghilangan yang lebih efisien. Kurva
breakthough dalam model persamaan Thomas menujukkan nilai rasio Ct/C0 yang lebih kecil pada
variasi tinggi unggun 9 cm. Kapasitas adsorpsi mengalami penurunan seiring dengan kenaikan tinggi
unggun dan menyebabkan resin Tulsion A-23 lebih lama jenuh. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa resin
Tulsion A-23 lebih selektif terhadap penyisihan nitrat.67 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pengaruh Laju Alir dan Tinggi Kolom Terhadap Penyisihan Nitrat-Nitrit dengan Menggunakan Resin Purolite yang Dimodifikasi dengan Logam Cu pada Sistem Fixed Bed
No full textLimbah yang masuk kedalam badan air setiap harinya dapat mencemari
lingkungan dan menimbulkan efek yang dapat membahayakan makhluk hidup
disekitarnya. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh peningkatan nitrogen yang berupa
nitrat dan nitrit. Konsentrasi yang melebihi baku mutu dalam air dapat merusak
keseimbangan ekologi dan fungsi lingkungan badan penerima serta kesehatan
masyarakat hilir pengguna akhir dari sumber air yang tercemar yaitu: toksisitas
(keracunan) untuk ikan dan organisme air lain; eutrofikasi ketika nitrogen dan
fosfor yang dibuat tersedia untuk tanaman air sebagai nutrisi; dan risiko kesehatan
masyarakat yang dapat menimbulkan penyakit Methemoglobinemia. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh laju alir dan tinggi kolom terhadap
penurunan nitrat & nitrit menggunakan resin Purolite A400 dan modifikasi
dengan Cu dengan metode impregnasi dan penggunaan model persamaan Thomas
pada sistem kolom Fixed-Bed. Variabel yang diuji antara lain laju aliran (3, 4 dan
5 ml/menit); ketinggian kolom (10, 13 dan 16 cm). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa
efisiensi Penyisihan nitrat dan nitrit menggunakan resin Purolite A400-Cu
mempunyai nilai persentasi paling tinggi 96,2% dan 98,21%. Nilai Removal
paling kecil nitrat dan nitrit menggunakan resin Purolite A400-Cu dicapai pada
saat laju alir 3 ml/menit masing-masing 5,59% dan 3,29% serta pada saat tinggi
kolom 16 cm masing-masing 3,8% dan 1,79%. Nilai rasio Ct/C0 pada penyisihan
nitrat dan nitrit menggunakan resin Purolite A400-Cu lebih kecil dan waktu
kejenuhan yang dicapai lebih lama karena sisi aktif dari Purolite-Cu lebih besar
sehingga banyak mengabsorpsi ion nitrat dan ion nitrit.Waste that enters a body of water every day can pollute the environment and
cause effects that can endanger living things around it. This is caused by an
increase of nitrogen in the form of nitrates and nitrites. Concentrations that exceed
the quality standard in water can damage the ecological balance and
environmental functions of the receiving body and the health of the downstream
community of end users from polluted water sources, namely: toxicity
(poisonous) for fish and other aquatic organisms; eutrophication when nitrogen
and phosphorus are available to aquatic plants as nutrients; and public health risks
that can cause Methemoglobinemia. This research aims to determine the effect of
flow rate and column height on the reduction of nitrate & nitrite using Purolite
A400 resin and modification with Cu by impregnation method and the use of the
Thomas equation model on the Fixed-Bed column system. Variables tested
included flow rates (3, 4 and 5 ml / minute); column height (10, 13 and 16 cm).
The results show that efficiency of removal of nitrate and nitrite using Purolite
A400-Cu resin have the highest percentage value of 96,2% and 98,21%. The
smallest removal value of nitrate and nitrite using Purolite A400-Cu resin was
achieved when the flow rates of 3 ml / minute were 5,59% and 3,29% respectively
and at 16 cm column height respectively 3,8% and 1,79%. The value of the Ct/C0
ratio on nitrate and nitrite removal using Purolite A400-Cu resin is smaller and the
saturation time is achieved longer because the active side of Purolite-Cu is greater
so that it absorbs nitrate and nitrite ions.75 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Kajian Performansi Pengering Surya Metode Tidak Langsung (Indirect Solar Dryer) Kolektor Plat Datar Bersirip
No full textSolar energy is an energy source that never runs out, so it becomes a potential
energy source for a variety of needs. One use of solar enery is in drying. To
increase the feasibility of solar energy can be done by using indirect solar dryer.
This research is aim to study the performance of indirect solar dyer with finned
flat plate collector with openings varying collector, to calculate the range of the
average intensity of solar radiation, and average efficiency of solar collector that
can be achieved and to study the factors of that influence. The main equipment to
be used is a solar dryer with a drying chamber and solar collector. The solar
collector consists of four layers, namely wood, styrofoam, rockwoll, and absorber
plate. The variable change in this research is an aperture collector open 100%,
open 15%, open 75%, closed 100%. This research done under the sun lasted from
09.00-17.00 WIB. The result retrieved intensity of solar radiation on average
during the research consecutive to the variation open 100%, open 15%, open 75%,
closed 100% is 390 W/m2
, 429 W/m2
, 376 W/m2
, dan 359 W/m2
. The highest
increase of plate temperature occurred in closed 100%. The highest efficiency of
collector is in open 100%. The result shows the efficiency of collector influenced
by intensity of solar radiation accepted by collector and the plate temperature at
the collector.115 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Kajian Optimasi Ekstraksi Flavonoid dengan Bantuan Gelombang Mikro pada Kulit Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill.) Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
No full textAvocado skin is a waste that is largely underutilized. Avocado peels contain flavonoids, so they are widely used as antioxidants and free radical scavengers. In extracting flavonoids the MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction) method is considered to be more beneficial than conventional methods. Optimization of the extraction of flavonoids is an important thing that makes the analysis accurate. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an effective method to optimize the extraction process. This study aims to find the most suitable regression equation model in order to obtain the parameters that affect flavonoid extraction and determine the most appropriate optimum conditions from the predetermined parameters. This research was conducted using secondary data by utilizing the Minitab Trial Version 18 using the Central Composite Design (CCD) as a tool to obtain surface and profile graphs of the response. In this study, the quadratic regression equation model was obtained as the most suitable model and the optimum condition of the flavonoid concentration response was 64,40 ppm, the IC50 value was 55,31 ppm, and the temperature was 45,55oC.Kulit alpukat merupakan limbah yang sebagian besar kurang dimanfaatkan. Kulit alpukat mengandung flavonoid sehingga banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai antioksidan dan penangkal radikal bebas. Dalam mengekstraksi flavonoid metode MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction) dianggap lebih menguntungkan dibandingakan dengan metode konvensional. Optimasi ekstraksi senyawa flavonoid merupakan hal penting yang membuat analisis menjadi akurat. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) merupakan metode yang efektif untuk mengoptimasi proses ekstraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model persamaan regresi yang paling cocok sehingga didapat parameter yang mempengaruhi ekstraksi flavonoid serta menentukan kondisi optimum yang paling tepat dari parameter yang telah ditentukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan data sekunder dengan memanfaatkan Minitab Trial Version 18 menggunakan Central Composite Design (CCD) sebagai alat bantu untuk mendapatkan grafik permukaan dan profil dari respon. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh model persamaan regresi kuadratik sebagai model yang paling cocok serta kondisi optimum dari respon konsentrasi flavonoid adalah 64,40 ppm, nilai IC50 adalah 55,31 ppm, dan temperatur adalah 45,55oC.85 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Preliminary Design of a Linoleic Acid Production Plant from Corn via Hydrolysis Process with a Production Capacity of 6500 Tons/Year and Special Assignment: Detailed Engineering Design of a Crystallizer
No full textLinoleic Acid (18:2 n-6,2) is an example of a polyunsaturated fatty acid with
more than one double bond. It is abundantly found in plant oils such as corn oil,
soybean oil, and others. In the body, Linoleic Acid is converted into Gamma
Linoleic Acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body
itself. Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most crucial food commodities after rice
and is also a strategic crop for the national economy.
The pre-design of the plant for producing Linoleic Acid from corn through
a hydrolysis process has a capacity of 6,500 tons/year. The factory operates for 330
days a year and requires 37,533.4812 kg/hour or 900.8035488 tons/day of corn raw
materials. The process involves using a filter press to extract oil from corn seeds
and for water degumming to remove gum from the raw corn oil, resulting in clean
corn oil. Continuous high-pressure splitting is employed to obtain fatty acids from
corn oil, achieving a 99% pure hydrolysis conversion. The process does not use a
catalyst and has a shorter hydrolysis time, operating at 280°C and 50 atm with a
Reactive Distillation Column. For separating the fatty acids, two crystallizers are
used: a Low Temperature Isothermal Crystallizer utilizing R-134a.
The factory is planned to be located in PT Kawasan Industri Gresik, with a
land area of 24,000 m². Water needs for the factory will be sourced locally. The
business entity is planned to be a Limited Liability Company (PT), and the
organizational structure will be a line organization with a required workforce of 167
people. The results of the analysis of the economic aspects obtained are as follows:
• Capital Investment (CI) = 122,606,246.64
• Profit Margin (PM) = 19%
• Break Even Point (BEP) = 36.63%
• Return On Investment (ROI) = 206%
• Pay Out Time (POT) = 4 years 1 month
• Internal Rate of Return (IRR) = 40.5%613 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
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