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Replication data for: "Family Types and Intimate-Partner Violence: A Historical Perspective"
No full textTur-Prats, Ana, (2019) "Family Types and Intimate Partner Violence: A Historical Perspective." Review of Economics and Statistics 101:5, 878-891
Long-lasting social capital and its impact on economic development: The legacy of the commons
Get PDFThis paper analyzes the historical determinants and long-term persistence of social capital, as well as its effect on economic development, by looking at the legacy of the commons in a Spanish region. In medieval times, common goods were granted to townships and were managed collectively by local citizens. This enabled the establishment of institutions for collective action and self-government. Common goods persisted until the second half of the nineteenth century. We argue that the experience of cooperation among villagers, repeated over the centuries, increased the social capital in each local community. In 1845, a law forced small villages to merge with others, a fact which generated exogenous variation in the number of mergers (i.e., cooperative networks) that each modern municipality was required to have. We exploit this change in an IV and RD setting and find that current municipalities formed by a greater number of old townships have a denser network of associations. We also find that higher social capital is associated with more economic developmen
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No full textThis paper analyzes the causal relationship between unemployment and intimate-partner violence(IPV) introducing a gender-identity approach. I argue that local social predominance of differentfamily structures (stem vs nuclear) in the past shaped distinct present cultural norms regardingthe appropriate role of men and women, and that as a result IPV responds differently to changesin relative unemployment rates of men vs women. Coresidence of younger couples with in-laws instem families in the past reduced the burden of household work, allowing a higher contribution ofthe younger wife to nondomestic work. In nuclear families, conversely, wives activities were moreconfined to the domestic sphere. I construct an exogenous measure of unemployment and find heterogeneousimpacts: for individuals living in territories with a nuclear-family tradition, a decreasein female unemployment relative to male unemployment increases IPV, potentially because men feeltheir traditional breadwinner role threatened. These effects are offset, and sometimes even reversed,for individuals living in provinces where the stem family was socially predominant in the past. Ipropose a new rationale for IPV in which violence is a way to reinstate the loss of utility generatedby what some men perceive as an insult, and provide evidence in favor of this novel explanation
Three essays on health and violence against women
Get PDFEsta tesis doctoral se divide en tres capítulos. El primero está relacionado con la economía de la salud; el segundo y tercero con el análisis de la violencia contra las mujeres.
En el primer capítulo, realizado conjuntamente con Jaume Puig-Junoy y Marcos Vera-Hernández, estimamos la elasticidad-precio de los medicamentos utilizando aspectos únicos del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) español: (1) el copago de los fármacos recetados cae del 40% (10% para los fármacos para condiciones crónicas) al 0% en el momento de la jubilación; (2) la probabilidad de jubilarse experimenta un salto a los 65 años, la edad legal de jubilación, lo que nos permite aplicar un análisis de regresión discontinua para separar el efecto precio del efecto selección. Utilizamos datos administrativos para todos los individuos entre los 63-67 años, cubiertos por el SNS en Cataluña para el periodo 2004-2006. Encontramos que la elasticidad-precio de los fármacos recetados es -0,20 para medicamentos para condiciones no crónicas, y -0,08 o -0,03 para condiciones crónicas. Dada la magnitud de nuestros estimadores, éstos siguen siendo informativos incluso si los interpretamos como potencialmente sesgados. También encontramos un pequeño aumento en el gasto en fármacos médicamente inapropiados debido al descenso en los copagos.
En el segundo capítulo exploro los orígenes históricos de la violencia contra las mujeres. Comparado en la literatura previa, que solo ha prestado atención a los determinantes a corto plazo de la violencia doméstica, este estudio se centra en los determinantes a largo plazo. Analizo la relación entre tipos de familia históricos (troncal vs. nuclear) y violencia por parte de la pareja (VP). En las familias troncales cohabitan dos generaciones -un hijo se queda a vivir con sus padres en la casa familiar, con su esposa e hijos-, mientras que en las familias nucleares todos los hijos abandonan la casa familiar para formar sus propios hogares. Modelizo el comportamiento de una familia tradicional campesina y muestro cómo la co-residencia con la suegra (característico de las familias troncales) aumentó la contribución de la esposa joven al trabajo agrícola. Esto a su vez pudo disminuir el nivel de violencia puesto que en el modelo la violencia reduce la productividad. En el análisis empírico utilizo datos españoles ya que este país proporciona medidas de VP de la máxima calidad y los tipos de familia han sido estables y persistentes. Los resultados muestran que los territorios donde la familia troncal era socialmente predominante en el pasado tienen actualmente una tasa de VP menor. Para establecer efectos causales, utilizo la Reconquista cristiana de la Península Ibérica (722-1492) como instrumento para los diferentes tipos de familia.
Por último, en el tercer capítulo analizo el vínculo entre desempleo y violencia doméstica. A pesar de la percepción general de que la VP aumenta con las recesiones, la evidencia no es concluyente. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura analizando la relación entre VP y desempleo utilizando datos individuales sobre VP para España. También contribuye incluyendo en el análisis la identidad de género, que viene determinada por el tipo de familia histórico (troncal vs. nuclear) que prevaleció en cada región. Utilizo variación regional y temporal en el desempleo femenino y masculino y encuentro impactos heterogéneos del desempleo en la VP. En provincias con roles de género más tradicionales (familia nuclear), un descenso en el desempleo femenino está asociado a un aumento en la VP, potencialmente porque los hombres sienten su masculinidad amenazada. En provincias con roles de género más igualitarios (familia troncal) este efecto queda compensado. También encuentro que el desempleo tiene un impacto mayor y más significativo sobre el maltrato económico o estructural que sobre la violencia física y sexual.This doctoral dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first one is related to health economics, and the second and third analyse violence against women.
In the first chapter, co-authored with Jaume Puig-Junoy and Marcos Vera-Hernández, we estimate the price-elasticity of prescription drugs exploiting three unique features of the Spanish health system (1) the co-payment of prescription drug drops from 40% (10% for chronic diseases drugs) to 0% upon retirement, while the co-payment for the rest of health care services remains constant; (2) retirement jumps discontinuously at age 65, the legal retirement age, which allows us to use a Regression Discontinuity design to disentangle price from selection effects; and (3) absence of deductibles or caps in yearly or monthly out-of-pocket expenditure, which simplifies the computation of elasticities. We use administrative data from all individuals aged 63-67 covered by the National Health System in Catalonia (Spain) from 2004-2006. We find that the price-elasticity of prescription drugs is -0.20 for non-chronic condition drugs, and -0.08 or -0.03 for chronic conditions drugs. Given the size of our estimates, they remain informative even if we interpret them as being possibly biased away from zero (for reasons discussed in the paper). We also find a small increase in the expenditure on medically inappropriate drugs due to the decrease in co-payments.
In the second chapter I explore the historical origins of violence against women. Compared to previous literature, which has only paid attention to short-term determinants of domestic violence, this study looks at long-term determinants. It analyzes the relationship between historical family types (stem vs. nuclear) and intimate-partner violence (IPV). In stem families two generations cohabitate as one son stays at the parental house with his wife and kids, whereas in nuclear families all children leave to start their independent households. I model the behavior of a traditional peasant family and show how co-residence with the mother-in-law (a feature of stem families) increased the wife’s contribution to farming work. This in turn could decrease the level of violence since in the model it reduces wife’s productivity. In the empirical analysis I use Spanish data as this country not only offers IPV measures of the highest quality but also stable and persistent family types. Results show that territories where stem family was socially predominant in the past have nowadays a lower IPV rate. I control for a large number of contemporaneous, historical and geographical variables. To address causality, I use the Christian “Reconquest” of the Iberian Peninsula (722-1492) as an instrument for the different family types.
Finally, in the third chapter I explore the link between unemployment and domestic violence. Despite the general perception that domestic violence increases with recessions, the evidence is inconclusive. This study contributes to this literature by analysing the relationship between intimate-partner violence (IPV) and unemployment using individual IPV data for Spain. It also contributes by including in the analysis the gender identity, which is determined by the historical family types (stem vs. nuclear) that prevailed in each region. I exploit regional and time variation in female and male unemployment and find heterogeneous impacts of unemployment on IPV. In territories with more traditional gender roles (nuclear family), a decrease in female unemployment relative to male unemployment is associated with an increase in the IPV incidence, potentially because men feel their traditional gender role threatened. In provinces with more equal gender roles (stem family) this effect is offset. I also find that unemployment has a higher and significant impact on economic and structural abuse rather than on physical and sexual violence
Unemployment and intimate-partner violence: A gender-identity approach
No full textThis paper analyzes the causal relationship between unemployment and intimate-partner violence
(IPV) introducing a gender-identity approach. I argue that local social predominance of different
family structures (stem vs nuclear) in the past shaped distinct present cultural norms regarding
the appropriate role of men and women, and that as a result IPV responds differently to changes
in relative unemployment rates of men vs women. Coresidence of younger couples with in-laws in
stem families in the past reduced the burden of household work, allowing a higher contribution of
the younger wife to nondomestic work. In nuclear families, conversely, wives activities were more
confined to the domestic sphere. I construct an exogenous measure of unemployment and find heterogeneous
impacts: for individuals living in territories with a nuclear-family tradition, a decrease
in female unemployment relative to male unemployment increases IPV, potentially because men feel
their traditional breadwinner role threatened. These effects are offset, and sometimes even reversed,
for individuals living in provinces where the stem family was socially predominant in the past. I
propose a new rationale for IPV in which violence is a way to reinstate the loss of utility generated
by what some men perceive as an insult, and provide evidence in favor of this novel explanation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Long-lasting social capital and its impact on economic development: The legacy of the commons
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