1,720,988 research outputs found
Cyber Security Challenges to Arctic Critical Infrastructures
No full textThe Arctic regions of the world have in recent years experienced an increase in human activity not seen before in modern times. Receding polar ice and climate change have contributed to the opening of new sea routes, creating opportunities in intercontinental shipping and tourism. Increased accessibility has enabled the extraction of natural gas and oil, metals, and other resources. The cold climate provides natural cooling for data centers and other computational facilities. Economic activities are coupled with the expansion of military and civilian infrastructure, including for telecommunications, scientific installations, ports, and other intermodal transportation facilities. Information technology promotes efficiency and technologies such as fiber optic cables, satellite communications, radio, and others enable accessibility to these infrastructures from locations outside the Arctic. However, the reliance on information and communication technology and the connectedness of most critical infrastructures (electricity, communications, information, financial and government services, etc.) result in new vulnerabilities exposed by natural disasters or environmental accidents and which adversarial agents can exploit. Cyber security and resilience play a central role in ensuring the safety and security of communities in this age of interconnectedness and big data. Due to their often remote and extreme conditions, Arctic regions face unique challenges of cyber security and resilience for their critical infrastructure. This chapter summarizes discussions and lessons learned from a working group at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Governance for Cyber Security and Resilience in the Arctic as it pertains to critical infrastructure, held in Rovaniemi, Finland on 27-30 January, 2019. It aims to provide perspectives on cyber security in the context of Arctic infrastructure from multiple disciplines, including engineering and computer science, international relations, social sciences, law, and governance. Each perspective identifies challenges and opportunities in cyber security and resilience, in particular ones characteristic to Arctic regions. This includes documenting available theory and methods, including analogous methods from other fields, and describing data availabilities and needs. Lessons are derived from past and ongoing scenarios and incidents and methods for forecasting emerging and future scenarios are reviewed. Recommendations for research and practice to increase the cyber security and resilience of infrastructure are provided
Risk evaluation in peer review of grant applications
No full textThe process of peer review is used to identify the most scientifically meritorious research projects for funding. Impact and innovation are among the criteria used to determine overall merit. A criticism of peer review has been the perception that reviewers are biased against innovation, such as one study that found reviewers to systematically assign poorer scores to highly novel work. Moreover, reviewers’ definitions for excellent research and paradigm-shifting research are different; innovative research may not always be considered excellent. Therefore, it is clear more needs to be done to understand the decision-making processes of reviewers in evaluating risk and innovation in research. In an effort to address this gap, the American Institute of Biological Sciences developed a comprehensive peer review survey that examined, in part, the differences in applicant and reviewer perceptions of review outcomes. The survey was disseminated to 13,091 reviewers and applicants, of whom 9.4% responded. Only 24% of respondent applicants indicated that innovation was addressed in their review feedback, while 81% of respondent reviewers indicated they factored innovation into selecting the best science and 73% viewed innovation as an essential component of scientific excellence. Similarly, while only 27% of respondent applicants reported receiving comments on the riskiness of their grant applications, 58% of respondent reviewers indicated that the risks associated with innovative research impacted the scores they assigned to the grant applications. These results indicate a potential source of bias in how innovation and risk are evaluated in grant applications
Challenges in Establishing Legal Frameworks and Governance Options that Promote Arctic Cyber Resilience
No full textCyber Security and Resilience of Smart Grid Infrastructure in the Arctic
No full textSmart Grids is an emerging technology promising significant changes in the economy and the social sphere all over the world. Arctic region turns on a rapid transformation in its energy sector from being a consumer of electricity to producing, sharing, and storing energy deploying smart grid infrastructure. With that, due to often remote and extreme conditions, cybersecurity is one of many challenges in leveraging energy grids in the Arctic. Considering recent hackers’ attacks on energy grids and taking into account the distributed structure of these systems, the use of traditional means of computer protection and the search for a crime figure becomes more difficult or impossible. This chapter summarizes our previous work and the findings from a working group at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Governance for Cyber Security and Resilience in the Arctic as it pertains to critical infrastructure, held in Rovaniemi, Finland on 27–30 January 2019. It aims to introduce some application areas of smart grid security and forensics, discuss the opportunities, and outline the open issues in the topic. The several problems that may arise during the forensics process in smart grids and practical recommendations for their resolving are also discussed. According to recommendations of the UK National Cyber Security Center, we follow a four-step procedure to analyze logging architectures and highlight some issues related to the Chain of Custody (CoC) process. We also discuss challenges for forensic in smart grids in connection with a blockchain and propose a decentralized transaction platform based on blockchain tailored to the energy sector with all the latest technology such as advanced metering infrastructure, distributed generation, etc. Some aspects of developing a cyber-forensic framework for cyber-crime investigation based on the smart grid network data are also discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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