1,720,973 research outputs found
Operación de reactores biológicos para el tratamiento del agua
Get PDFTraballo fin de mestrado (UDC.CIE). Biotecnoloxía avanzada. Curso 2011/201
Enrichment and characterization of anaerobic bacteria degrading organohalide compounds
Get PDFLa freqüent contaminació d’aigua subterrània per compostos organohalogenats és un greu problema degut als riscs humans i ecològics que se’n deriven. La bioremediació és un tècnica sostenible que permet superar algunes de les limitacions que presenten els tractaments fisicoquímics.
En aquest estudi ens proposem obtenir i caracteritzar cultius que contenen bacteris anaerobis capaços de degradar compostos organohalogenats ambientalment perillosos i que es puguin aplicar per a la bioremediació d’aqüífers in situ.
En treballs previs realitzats al nostre laboratori es va obtenir un cultiu enriquit que contenia un bacteri dehalorespirador del gènere Dehalogenimonas a partir de sediments de la desembocadura del riu Besòs (Barcelona) que degrada alcans amb halògens situats en carbons adjacents. En aquesta tesis, s’ha identificat la dehalogenasa reductora (RDasa) d’aquesta Dehalogenimonas implicada en la conversió de dibromur d’etilè (EDB) al compost innocu etilè combinant tècniques de proteòmica basades en gels d’electroforesis, tests enzimàtics i nano-cromatografia líquida acoblada a espectrometria de masses (nLC-MS/MS). Aquesta RDasa es va designar com a EdbA. EdbA és la primera RDasa identificada entre les espècies d’aquest gènere bacterià que catalitza una reacció de debromació. A més, és la primera RDasa que s’ha demostrat funcional i que no té cap subunitat B de fixació a la membrana citoplasmàtica codificada de forma adjacent en el seu genoma. Addicionalment, s’ha detectat un enzim ortolog a l’enzim responsable de la degradació de 1,2-diclorpropà a propé (DcpA) com a única RDasa en cultius que transformen 1,2,3-triclorpropà a clorur d’alil mitjançant la combinació de tècniques d’ultracentrifugació, gels d’electroforesis i nLC-MS/MS. Aquesta DcpA es va detectar en la fracció de la membrana tal i com predeien les eines bioinformàtiques emprades. El mecanisme pel qual aquestes dues RDases identificades es fixen a les membranes és encara desconegut.
En aquesta treball s’ha obtingut un segon consorci bacterià estable provinent de llots d’una planta de tractament d’aigües residuals industrials i aplicant estratègies de d’enriquiment del cultiu i tècniques de dilució fins a l’extinció. Aquest cultiu fermenta diclorometà (DCM) i dibromometà (DBM) en acetat i format. S’ha demostrat que el bacteri responsable de la fermentació d’aquests dihalometans és un Dehalobacterium i s’ha procedit al seu aïllament. Tanmateix, les interaccions sinèrgiques entre les espècies del consorci han impedit el seu aïllament. Mitjançant la selecció de colònies en cultius semi sòlids, canvis en la composició del medi i l’ús de antibiòtics, s’ha assolit un cultiu on l’abundància de Dehalobacterium és del 67%. L´acompanyen bacteris dels gèneres Acetobacterium i Desulfovibrio, tal i com revelen els anàlisis de genoteques.
El fraccionament dels isòtops de carboni durant la fermentació de DCM per aquest cultiu s’ha determinat mitjançant l’anàlisi d’isòtops estables de compostos específics (CSIA). El valor obtingut de -27 ± 2‰ difereix del prèviament publicat per una soca de Dehalobacter (-15.5 ± 1.5‰) que també fermentava DCM. Aquests valors són significativament diferent dels obtinguts per bacteris metilotròfics degradadors de DCM (que varien de -45 a -61‰) i podria permetre la distinció entre vies de degradació de DCM en treballs de bioremediació in situ.
Finalment, s’ha demostrat que la presència de co-contaminants que es detecten freqüentment amb DCM, tals com tricloroetilè (TCE), 1,2-dicloroetà (1,2-DCA), cis-dicloroetilè (cis-DCE), 1,1,2-tricloroetà (1,1,2-TCA), àcid perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) i 3,4-dicloroanilina (3,4-DCA) no provoca una inhibició significativa en la degradació de DCM pel cultiu amb Dehalobacterium a les concentracions testades. La concentració de cloroform de 100 mg/L provoca una total inhibició. De manera similar, la presència de 200 mg/L d’àcid perfluorooctanosulfonic (PFOS) i ≥ 25 mg/L de diuron provoquen una inhibició severa, impedint la degradació completa de DCM. Tanmateix, l’activitat degradadora de DCM es recupera quan els cultius inhibits es transfereixen a medi fresc sense co-contaminants.La frecuente contaminación de las aguas subterráneas por compuestos organohalogenados es un grave problema ambiental debido a los riesgos ecológicos y para la salud humana de ella derivados. La bioremediación es una tecnología sostenible que evita algunos inconvenientes que presentan los tratamientos físico-químicos.
En este estudio nos proponemos obtener y caracterizar cultivos que contengan bacterias anaerobias que degraden compuestos organohalogenados ambientalmente peligrosos con potencial para la bioremediación in situ de aguas subterráneas.
En trabajos previos de nuestro grupo de investigación, se obtuvo un cultivo enriquecido en bacterias del género Dehalogenimonas procedente de sedimentos del estuario del río Besós (Barcelona) que degrada alcanos con halógenos situados en carbonos adyacentes. En esta tesis se ha identificado la dehalogenasa reductora (RDasa) de esta cepa de Dehalogenimonas implicada en la conversión del dibromuro de etileno (EDB) al compuesto inocuo eteno combinando técnicas de proteómica basadas en geles de electroforesis, ensayos enzimáticos y nano-cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (nLC-MS/MS). Esta RDasa es designada EdbA, y constituye la primera RDasa identificada en este género bacteriano que cataliza una reacción de debromación. Además, es también la primera RDasa en ser demostrada funcional sin una subunidad B de anclaje a la membrana codificada de forma adyacente en el genoma. Adicionalmente, se ha detectado una única RDasa en cultivos que transforman 1,2,3-tricloropropano a cloruro de alilo combinando técnicas de ultracentrifugación, geles de electroforesis y nLC-MS/MS. Esta enzima ortóloga a DcpA, la responsable de la degradación de 1,2-dicloropropano a propeno, ha sido detectada en la fracción proteica de membrana, lo cual concuerta con las predicciones realizadas mediante herramientas bioinformáticas. El mecanismo por el cual EdbA y esta DcpA se anclan a la membrana citoplasmática es desconocido, atribuyéndose a proteínas todavía no descritas.
En este trabajo se ha obtenido un segundo consorcio bacteriano estable a partir de lodos de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales aplicando técnicas de cultivo de enriquecimiento y dilución por extinción. Este cultivo fermenta diclorometano (DCM) y dibromometano (DBM) a acetato y formato. Se ha demostrado que la bacteria responsable de la fermentación pertenece al género Dehalobacterium, y se ha procedido a su aislamiento. Sin embargo, las interacciones sinérgicas existentes entre las especies del consorcio han impedido obtener un cultivo puro. Seleccionando colonias en medio de cultivo semisólido, aplicando antibióticos y cambios en la composición del medio, se ha obtenido una abundancia relativa de Dehalobacterium del 67%. Le acompañan bacterias de los géneros Acetobacterium y Desulfovibrio, tal y como se detectó mediante análisis de genotecas.
El fraccionamiento isotópico del carbono durante la fermentación del DCM por este cultivo fue determinado mediante análisis de isótopos estables de compuestos específicos (CSIA). El valor obtenido, -27 ± 2‰, difiere del publicado previamente para una cepa de Dehalobacter que también fermenta el DCM (-15.5 ± 1.5‰). Estos valores son significativamente diferentes de los obtenidos con bacterias metilotróficas degradadoras de DCM (-45 a -61‰), y podrían permitir diferenciar vías de degradación de DCM en trabajos de bioremediación in situ.
Finalmente, se ha demostrado que la presencia de co-contaminantes que se detectan frecuentemente con el DCM, como el tricloroetileno (TCE), 1,2-dicloroetano (1,2-DCA), cis-dicloroetileno (cis-DCE), 1,1,2-tricloroetano (1,1,2-TCA), ácido perfluorooctanoico (PFOA) y 3,4-dicloroanilina (3,4-DCA) no provocan una inhibición significativa en la degradación de DCM por parte del cultivo de Dehalobacterium, a las concentraciones estudiadas. Una concentración de cloroformo de 100 mg/L provoca una inhibición total. De manera similar, 200 mg/L de sulfonato de perfluoroctano (PFOS), y ≥ 25 mg/L de diuron provocan una inhibición severa, impidiendo la degradación completa del DCM. Sin embargo, la actividad degradadora de DCM se recupera cuando los cultivos inhibidos se transfieren a medio libre de co-contaminantes.The widespread groundwater contamination by organohalide compounds is of a major concern due to the human and ecological risks derived from it. Bioremediation is a sustainable technology that overcomes some limitations of the physical-chemical remediation techniques on these water bodies.
In this study, we aimed to obtain and characterize cultures containing anaerobic bacteria capable of degrading organohalide compounds of environmental concern with potential for in situ groundwater bioremediation.
In previous work carried out in our laboratory a highly enriched culture containing organohalide-respiring bacteria from the genus Dehalogenimonas degrading vicinally halogenated alkanes was obtained from sediments of the river Besós estuary (Barcelona). In this thesis, the reductive dehalogenase (RDase) from this Dehalogenimonas strain responsible for the catalysis of ethylene dibromide (EDB) to the innocuous ethene was identified combining gel-based proteomic techniques, specific enzymatic tests and nano-scale liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). This RDase is therefore designated as EdbA, for ethylene dibromide RDase subunit A. EdbA is the first RDase identified for debrominating catalytic activity among species of this genus. Moreover, it is the first RDase shown to be functional for respiration without an adjacent membrane-anchoring subunit B encoded on the genome. Additionally, combining ultracentrifugation, gel electrophoresis and nLC-MS/MS, an orthologous enzyme of the dichloropropane-to-propene RDase (DcpA) was the only RDase detected in 1,2,3-trichloropropane-to-allyl chloride dehalogenating cultures. This DcpA was detected in the membrane fraction of the crude protein extract, in accordance to its predicted subcellular localization by bioinformatics tools and it is also not co-localised with an rdhB gene. The membrane-anchoring mechanisms of these RDases remains not known and may rely in yet-unidentified proteins.
A second stable bacterial consortium was obtained in the present work from slurry samples of an industrial wastewater treatment plant with a combination of enrichment culture strategies and the dilution-to-extinction technique. This culture was demonstrated to ferment dichloromethane (DCM) and dibromomethane (DBM) into acetate and formate. The Dehalobacterium sp. present in this culture was shown to be the responsible for the dihalomethanes fermentation, and the isolation of this strain was attempted. However, the synergic interactions existing among the different accompanying species present in the bacterial consortia impeded the isolation. Despite a pure culture was not achieved via picking up colonies from semisolid agar cultures, changes in the medium composition, and the application of selected antibiotics, a final relative abundance of Dehalobacterium sp. of 67 % was attained. As determined by clone library analysis, bacteria from the genera Acetobacterium and Desulfovibrio remained present in the culture.
The carbon isotope fractionation during DCM fermentation by this culture was determined by compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA). The value obtained was -27 ± 2‰ and differs from the previously published value of -15.5 ± 1.5‰ of a Dehalobacter sp. performing also DCM fermentation. These values are yet significantly different from those reported for facultative methylotrophic bacteria degrading DCM (ranging from -45 to -61‰), and this would allow for further differentiation of these degradation pathways during in situ bioremediation works.
Finally, the potential inhibitory effect of selected frequent groundwater co-contaminants over DCM degradation by the Dehalobacterium-containing culture was assessed for further in situ bioremediation applications. Trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) did not show significant inhibitory effects at the concentrations tested. Differently, a total inhibition was caused with a chloroform concentration of 100 mg/L. Also, the presence of 200 mg/L of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), as well as concentrations higher than 25 mg/L of the pesticide diuron caused a severe inhibitory effect, preventing the full depletion of DCM. Nevertheless, DCM degrading activity was recovered when inhibited cultures were transferred to co-contaminant free medium
Evaluation of the SIAM technology for wastewater treatment and N-Damo bacteria reaction to the addition of trace metals
No full textLAUREA MAGISTRALEIn riferimento al campo del trattamento delle acque reflue, negli ultimi anni sono stati scoperti sia processi innovativi che nuovi batteri.
In questo contesto, l’Università di Santiago de Compostela ha sviluppato il reattore SIAM (Sistema Integrato di Reattore Anaerobico Metanogenico e Bioreattore a Membrana). Il SIAM prevede un trattamento anaerobico seguito da un processo biologico avanzato. Nella prima fase, la camera UASB, la materia organica viene convertita in condizioni anaerobiche in biogas. L’acqua proveniente dal reattore UASB è ricca di metano disciolto, che verrà portato nella sezione MBR. Il post-trattamento è composto da una camera anossica, una aerobica e una a membrana; le tre sono un sistema ibrido composto da biomassa sospesa e biomassa su supporti (Biochips). Le caratteristiche dell’effluente ne consentono il riutilizzo a fini irrigui e industriali.
Gli N-Damo sono particolari batteri, appartenenti al phylum NC10, in grado di ossidare il metano disciolto nelle acque reflue con contestuale utilizzo di nitriti e nitrati.
Questo studio si propone di valutare la risposta dei batteri N-Damo, operanti nella camera anossica del reattore SIAM, all’aggiunta di metalli in traccia, in particolare ferro e rame, tramite il controllo dei parametri del reattore e analisi proteomiche. Nonostante il periodo di aggiunta dei metalli in traccia alla camera anossica sia durato solamente 22 giorni, è possibile affermare che la risposta degli N-Damo sia stata positiva. La rimozione del metano disciolto all’interno della camera anossica ha verosimilmente registrato un aumento del 20%, passando da 3,8 ± 2,8 g/d di metano rimosso nel periodo precedente all’aggiunta dei metalli, a 5,2 ± 2,6 g CH4/d nel periodo successivo alla loro aggiunta (corrispondenti a 12,6 ± 13,3 g COD-CH4/L e 20,8 ± 13,3 g COD-CH4/L in termini di COD). I risultati più importanti, però, sono stati raggiunti con l’analisi proteomica: prima dell’aggiunta della soluzione di metalli in traccia, Candidatus Methylomirabilis rappresentava l’1,5% della popolazione sui supporti, successivamente è aumentato fino al 4,1% dell'intera popolazione batterica. La proteina Nitric oxide dismutase (NOD), rappresentativa degli N-Damo, è stata rilevata anche se operante in un sistema a basso contenuto di biomassa. Inoltre, attualmente non esiste letteratura in cui è riportato il rilevamento di questa proteina attraverso l'analisi metaproteomica.In the field of wastewater treatment, innovative processes and new bacteria have been discovered in recent years.
Within this framework, the SIAM reactor (Methanogenic Anaerobic Reactor Integrated System and Membrane Bioreactor) has been developed by the University of Santiago de Compostela. SIAM is an integrated anaerobic treatment followed by an advanced biological process. In the first step, the UASB chamber, organic matter is converted under anaerobic conditions into biogas. Water coming from the UASB reactor is rich in dissolved methane, and it will be brought into the MBR section. The post-treatment is composed by an anoxic, an aerobic and a membrane chambers, the three are a hybrid system composted by suspended biomass and attached to Biochips biomass. The characteristics of the outflow permit its reuse for irrigation and industrial purposes. N-Damo are peculiar bacteria, part of the NC10 phylum, able to oxidize dissolved methane from wastewater with contextual use of nitrite and nitrate.
This study aims to evaluate N-Damo bacteria, operated in the anoxic chamber of the SIAM reactor, and their response to the addition of trace metals, in particular iron and copper, checking the reactor parameters and conducting proteomic analysis.
Despite the period of trace metals addition to the anoxic chamber lasted only 22 days, it is possible to say that a positive N-Damo reaction to trace metals was detected. Dissolved methane removal inside the anoxic chamber likely experienced an increase of 20%, passing from 3,8 ± 2,8 g CH4/d before trace metals addition to 5,2 ± 2,6 g CH4/d after trace metals supplement (that correspond to 12,6 ± 13,3 g COD-CH4/L and 20,8 ± 13,3 g COD-CH4/L in COD units).
The most important results were reached by proteomic analysis: before adding the trace metals solution, Candidatus Methylomirabilis represented the 1,5% of the population on the carriers and grew up to 4,1% of the whole bacterial population. The Nitric oxide dismutase protein (NOD), representative of N-Damo, was detected, even if working in a poorly enriched system. Furthermore, currently there is no literature about tracking it through metaproteomic analysis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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