89,925 research outputs found
Origin and evolution of TRIM proteins: new insights from the complete TRIM repertoire of zebrafish and pufferfish
No full textTripartite motif proteins (TRIM) constitute a large family of proteins containing a RING-Bbox-Coiled Coil motif followed by different C-terminal domains. Involved in ubiquitination, TRIM proteins participate in many cellular processes including antiviral immunity. The TRIM family is ancient and has been greatly diversified in vertebrates and especially in fish. We analyzed the complete sets of trim genes of the large zebrafish genome and of the compact pufferfish genome. Both contain three large multigene subsets - adding the hsl5/trim35-like genes (hltr) to the ftr and the btr that we previously described - all containing a B30.2 domain that evolved under positive selection. These subsets are conserved among teleosts. By contrast, most human trim genes of the other classes have only one or two orthologues in fish. Loss or gain of C-terminal exons generated proteins with different domain organizations; either by the deletion of the ancestral domain or, remarkably, by the acquisition of a new C-terminal domain. Our survey of fish trim genes in fish identifies subsets with different evolutionary dynamics. trims encoding RBCC-B30.2 proteins show the same evolutionary trends in fish and tetrapods: they evolve fast, often under positive selection, and they duplicate to create multigenic families. We could identify new combinations of domains, which epitomize how new trim classes appear by domain insertion or exon shuffling. Notably, we found that a cyclophilin-A domain replaces the B30.2 domain of a zebrafish fintrim gene, as reported in the macaque and owl monkey antiretroviral TRIM5a. Finally, trim genes encoding RBCC-B30.2 proteins are preferentially located in the vicinity of MHC or MHC gene paralogues, which suggests that such trim genes may have been part of the ancestral MHC
TRIM proteins and CXS chemokines : evolutionary dynamics and functional characterization of two large protein families in teleost fish
No full text Two large protein families with roles in the immune system were the subject of this thesis. In part one of the thesis, TRIM proteins were studied, which are part of an ancient intracellular immune system. In mammals, TRIM proteins were recently found to play an important role in the antiviral immune response as they can restrict multiple viruses. To better understand the evolution of the TRIM protein family, TRIM proteins were investigated in teleost fish, which emerged early during vertebrate evolution. A detailed description of the entire TRIM gene family in fish was made and it was discovered that certain TRIM genes have undergone a radical expansion, giving rise to three multigene families. Experimental studies indicated a role for trout TRIM proteins in antiviral immunity and demonstrated that they have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. As it recently became evident that ubiquitination is an important mode to control the activity of proteins of innate immune pathways, possibly TRIM proteins in fish have a similar activity. In part two of this thesis, inflammatory CXC chemokines were studied, for which limited functional data was available in fish at the start of the thesis project. CXC chemokines are specialized cytokines that direct leukocyte migration during inflammation. In zebrafish and carp, two CXC lineages were identified that resemble mammalian CXCL8, a similar diversification was observed for chemokines that resemble mammalian CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11chemokines. A characterization of the functions for cyprinid CXCL8-like and CXCL9-11-like (named CXCb) chemokines was made by in vitro and in vivo gene expression studies. By preparation of recombinant proteins it was demonstrated that carp chemokines of the CXCL8-like and CXCb subsets are both chemotactic for fish leukocytes. Chemokines of the CXCL8-like and CXCb subsets appeared to be functionally distinct, as they have a different effect on phagocyte activation and act during different phases of the inflammatory response. These results indicate that CXC chemokines have already specialized functions in fish. </p
Trim17, novel E3 ubiquitin-ligase, initiates neuronal apoptosis
No full textAccumulating data indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls apoptosis by regulating the level and the function of key regulatory proteins. In this study, we identified Trim17, a member of the TRIM/RBCC protein family, as one of the critical E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in the control of neuronal apoptosis upstream of mitochondria. We show that expression of Trim17 is increased both at the mRNA and protein level in several in vitro models of transcription-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Expression of Trim17 is controlled by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 pathway in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). Moreover, the Trim17 protein is expressed in vivo, in apoptotic neurons that naturally die during post-natal cerebellar development. Overexpression of active Trim17 in primary CGN was sufficient to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in survival conditions. This pro-apoptotic effect was abolished in Bax(-/-) neurons and depended on the E3 activity of Trim17 conferred by its RING domain. Furthermore, knock-down of endogenous Trim17 and overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of Trim17 blocked trophic factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis both in CGN and in sympathetic neurons. Collectively, our data are the first to assign a cellular function to Trim17 by showing that its E3 activity is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1928-1941; doi: 10.1038/cdd.2010.73; published online 18 June 201
Small molecule MALDI MS imaging: current technologies and future challenges
No full textAbstract not availablePaul J. Trim, Marten F. Sne
A non-linear analysis of the longitudinal static stability of light, multi-engined aircraft
No full textThe longitudinal handling qualities of light aircraft have
traditionally been assessed in terms of the slope of the static
stability trim curves. This method of assessment is simple in terms
of analysis as well as being a relatively easy task for the pilot to
perform. The theory is however based on a simple linearised model of
.
the aircraft'and omits, amongst other things, the effects of power.
A comparison between the estimated and measured trim curves of a
typical light aircraft shows that the linearised theory severely
overestimates its static stability. A design based on the linear
assumptions would be unlikely to comply with airworthiness requirements.
In Part II the main omissions from the linearised model are
considered individually and their effect on the trim curves found.
In Part I the individual contributions from Part II are used to
complete the full, non-linear, trim equations and these are solved in
terms of elevator angle and incidence to trim, n and
ä. The solution
shows that the non-linear analysis provides a good simulation of the
flight measured trim curve data thus verifying the methods of
estimation developed in Part II.
The trim curves are considered in terms of incidence and
lift coefficient and show that assumption of a linear lift-incidence
relationship may cause some misleading interpretations of the trim
curves drawn in terms of lift coefficient
ANALISIS PENGATURAN TRIM SEBELUM MEMASUKI ALUR PELAYARAN SUNGAI MIMIKA DI MV. MARINA STAR 3
No full textAditya Vira F, 2017, NIT : 50134769. N, “Analysis of trim settings before
entering the Mimika River in MV. Marina Star 3”, essay of Nautical study
program, Diploma IV, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, 1st supervisor:
Capt. Suherman, M.Mar 2nd supervisor: Yustina Sapan, S.ST, MM
Trim is a difference between bow draft and stern draft. Trim is used as a a
reference in determining UKC when the vessel is sailing in the waters, and as
security in avoiding grounding when sailing. There are problems in the loading
process that makes inappropriate trim condition when vessel is entering the
shallow Mimika river, therefore it is necessary to do a good handling as an effort
in avoiding the ship from the danger of grounding on the Mimika river. The way is
implementing the trim configuration and the highest tide reference of the tide
table book on the Mimika river.
Considering the importance of security when navigating in a narrow and
shallow channel then the trim configuration should be done well, in this case the
author uses the fenomenology method, where as this method is done by solving the
problem in accordance with the experience at the time the author carried out the
practice at sea.
By implementing the procedure, it is expected that the ship can avoid the
grounding when entering the Mimika river So that loading and loading activities
can run smoothly and the company does not suffer losses caused by disruption of
ship operations. At the end of this section, the author present conclusions and
suggestions.
Keywords: Draft, Trim, UKC, Fenomenology
Measuring Core Inflation for Turkey - Trimmed Means Approach
No full textThis paper is one of the the pioneers in measuring the core inflation for Turkey and uses the methodology developed by Bryan, Cecchetti and Wiggins II (1997). As the price change distributions are not normally distributed, weighted sample means are not the efficient estimators of inflation. In such leptokurtic distributions trimmed means provide statistically more efficient estimators of inflation. For the consumer prices, using historical data, the optimal trim is found to be 19 percent from the each tail of the cross sectional distribution and for the wholesale prices it is found to be 12 percent (percentage that minimizes MAD). Trimmed mean estimators of inflation move in line with the headline inflation in the long run, implying a potential use for future inflation forecasting.Core Inflation, Trimmed Mean Estimators, Turkey
Cape, F, Black Wool, Soutache Trim
No full textColor: Black
Fabric Construction: Velvet with silk lining
Garment top: Front panels hang lower than back
Neckline: High neckline
Sleeve: Slit for arm
Decorative Detail: Soutache trim all over cape; rope tassels with beads
Condition of Object: Goodhttps://digitalcommons.otterbein.edu/costumes_all/1036/thumbnail.jp
An Optimization Model for Trim Loss Minimization in an Automotive Glass Plant
No full textThis paper deals with glass cutting in an Italian plant producing parts for the automotive market. Glass cutting is basically
organised in two phases: first, large rectangular sheets of the same type are obtained from a ribbon of flat glass and sent to warehouse; then, sheets of various types are taken from the warehouse and cut into small rectangular parts of various sizes according to demand. In both phases, trim loss is generated. A problem then arises of fulfilling the demand of small parts using a limited assortment of large sheets and minimizing the total trim loss. In this paper we describe a heuristic
algorithm based on a p-median model with additional constraints that take into account all the relevant shop floor requirements. A computational study conducted on real instances provided by the plant is presented and discussed
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Trim-Away ubiquitinates and degrades lysine-less and N-terminally acetylated substrates.
No full textTRIM proteins are the largest family of E3 ligases in mammals. They include the intracellular antibody receptor TRIM21, which is responsible for mediating targeted protein degradation during Trim-Away. Despite their importance, the ubiquitination mechanism of TRIM ligases has remained elusive. Here we show that while Trim-Away activation results in ubiquitination of both ligase and substrate, ligase ubiquitination is not required for substrate degradation. N-terminal TRIM21 RING ubiquitination by the E2 Ube2W can be inhibited by N-terminal acetylation, but this doesn't prevent substrate ubiquitination nor degradation. Instead, uncoupling ligase and substrate degradation prevents ligase recycling and extends functional persistence in cells. Further, Trim-Away degrades substrates irrespective of whether they contain lysines or are N-terminally acetylated, which may explain the ability of TRIM21 to counteract fast-evolving pathogens and degrade diverse substrates
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